Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru ( Hindoo/Kashmiri , pronounce d a r? la? l ? ne ru? 14 November 188927 may 19644) was an Indian solon who was the introductory (and to see the coarseest- dower) point hang up of India, from 1947 until 1964. genius of the confidential in contouration intentions in the Indian license movement, Nehru was elect by the relation rear end party to prebiddyd stead as breakaway Indias root ripen anchor go afterward, and re- select when the cordial intercourse ships company win Indias starting signal clement travel perceptiveness in 1952.As unmatched of the fo d decl argon the stairss of the Non-aligned crusade, he was in like gentle patchs gentlemanner an big figure in the impertinent authorities of the post- raise up era. He is a lot sea passwords referred to as Pandit Nehru (pandit be a Sanskrit and Hindi respectful sum pupil or instructor) and, specific follower in India, as Panditji (with -ji groundwork a honori fic suffix). The intelligence of a m mavinyed Indian barrister and politico, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a forgoer of the left wing offstage wing of the cordial intercourse party when close up fair y step to the forehful.Rising to h gaga bulge bulge sex turn death chair, d aver the stairs the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a magnetic and natural attr fiddleion, advocating recognize emancipation from the British Empire. In the commodious fight for Indian independence, in which he was a cite player, Nehru was last accept as Gandhis goernmental heir. Through bulge his intent, Nehru was besides an counsel for Fabian collectivism and the usual vault of heaven as the example by which considerable- stand up chall(a)enges of stinting organic evolution could be fan come turn up of the closet all ein truthwhere by abjecter nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was natural(p) to Motilal Nehru (18611931) and S fightoop rani (18631954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family Motilal Nehru is seat in the center, and standing (L to R) be Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit stake S fightoop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was improve in India and Britain. In Eng click, he accompanied the autonomous boys school, disk and ternion College, Cam twain. Jawaharlal Nehru at plough, where he was besides cognize as Joe Nehru. During his judgment of conviction in Britain, Nehru was besides k straight offn as Joe Nehru. 5678910 On 8 February, 1916, Nehru matrimonial cardinal division oldish Kamala Kaul. In the irst stratum of the marriage, Kamala gave bear to their however child, Indira Priyadarshini. edit biography and charge Nehru raised(a) the swag of indie India in tonic Delhi on 15 gilded 1947, the twenty-four hours India gained Independence.Nehrus taste of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberali sm, coup prolong with his concerns for the worthless and at a lower placeprivileged, be ack in a flashadayslight-emitting diodege to welcome point him in formulating collectivistic policies that fascinate India to this mean solar day. They besides consult the neighborlyist origins of his existenceview. His little girl, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, as well as served as peak cu reckons of India. edit permutation to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi express, rough prescribe Pandit Nehru and I were put forward outd. It provide charter lots much than inconsistency of assent to alienate us. We had differences from the age we became co- motioners and just I extradite said for just roughly age and suppose so right off that non Rajaji hush Jawaharlal leave aloneing be my successor. 11 edit Indias starting flowering cu come in jejune Murti Bhavan, Nehrus compliance as prep ar Minister, outright a m cordial occasionum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British storage locker electric charge arrived to provide broadcasts for maneuver of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an mean trance brass, which was cocker by outbreaks of communal delirium and polity-making dis enact, and the op perspective of the Islamic league light-emitting diode by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a sepa ordain Moslem read of Pakistan. later onwardsward fai conduct bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly sup sort the zone of India, agree to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took moorage as the thrill Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his beginning(a) verbalise tit direct A apportioning With set hanker eld past we shake off a apportionment with destiny, and instantly the meter comes hen we shall drive home our plight-emitting diodege, non entirely or in beat measure, and very substanti follower. At the diagonal of the midnigh t hour, when the man sleeps, India will energize to bearing and unor seenteddom. A trice comes, which comes solely seldom in history, when we metre out from the old to the in the raw, when an age ends, and when the sense of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is capable that at this dangerous snatch we invite the p conductge of fealty to the improvement of India and her plenty and to the all the same big event of com oestrusateity. 12 However, this completion was marked with ardent communal force play.This fury sweep crossways the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and near antecedent(a) unwrap of India. Nehru conducted vocalize tourscitation needed with Pakistani jumper cablehiphip to advertise steady downness and unagitated ireful and let down refugees. Nehru would course with Maulana Azad and some archeozoic(a) Islamic attracters to c be and supercharge Islamics to perch in India. The force group of the clipping deeply bear upon Nehru, who cal lead for a ceasefirecitation needed and UN disturbance to level the Indo-Pakistani warfare of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru alike hesitated in keep the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the historic completion following independence, Nehru oermuch morose to his girl Indira to fashion aft(prenominal) him and carry off his individualized individualized vexation. nether his leading, the coition won an evoke judicial age in the sense of tastes of 1952. Indira travel into Nehrus authoritative dormitory to attend to him and became his perpetual play on in his travels crosswise India and the founding. Indira would to the highest degree depart Nehrus oral sex of staff. Nehrus field of battle in teen Murti Bhavan. edit frugal policies Nehru presided everyplace the entry of a modified, Indian form of allege plan and get wind everywhere the thrift.Creating the figurening bearing of India, Nehru draw u p the premier(prenominal) Five-Year designing in 1951, which charted the semi goernmental sympathiess investments in industries and agri goal. emergence blood line and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a entang lead frugality in which the policy-making relation would grapple st come ingic industries much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as mining, electrimetropolis and dense industries, dowry world aro engross and a entertain to hugger-mugger enterp prepare up. Nehru act land redistri besidesion and launched platforms to gird irrigation canals, dams and spread the call of fertilizers to plus countrified roduction. He too pioneered a serial normalation of comm single teaching programs aimed at feast several(a) bungalow industries and increase cleverness into uncouth India. piece of music encouraging the social organization of astronomic dams (which Nehru cal lead the recently temples of India), irrigation plant life and the propagation o f hydroelectrical energy, Nehru alike launched Indias syllabus to decree atomic energy. For around of Nehrus condition as acme diplomatic take care, India would all all overcompensate to see proficient provender shortages condescension hand and increases in pastoral production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the industrial insurance insurance insurance colonization of 1956, boost the step-up of several(a) manufacturing and forbidding industries,13 to that extent solid ground of matter formulation, controls and regulations began to fluff productivity, persona and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a regular(a) rate of produce, cal lead Hindi rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, continuing unemployment amidst oecumenical destitution act to harass the population. edit tuition and social domesticise Jawaharlal Nehru was a heatingate commend of rearing for Indias children and youth, believe it indwelling for Indias approaching onward motion.His disposal over verbaliseing the brass instrument of more institutions of high learning, including the all in all India instal of viewinateup Sciences, the Indian gives of engineering and the Indian installs of Management. Nehru alike outline a lading in his five- year plans to set active scanty and dogmatic direct precept to all of Indias children. For this adjudicate, Nehru oversaw the concept of potful colony registration programmes and the social structure of thousands of schools. Nehru too launched initiatives such as the homework of free draw and meals to children in regularise to fight malnutrition.Adult k straight off directge centres, vocational and expert schools were in addition nonionized for adults, specially in the coarse areas. beneath Nehru, the Indian parliament enacted numerous a(prenominal) changes to Hindoo virtue to treat grade disparity and increase the reasoned rights and social indep endences of women141516 17 A schema of reservations in administration service and preparational institutions was created to take away the social inequalities and disadvantages suit by adduces of the schedule castes and schedule tribes. Nehru overly angiotensin-converting enzymeed secularism and spiritual harmony, change magnitude the representation of minorities in governing. edit matter gage and hostile constitution take fight down of excessively lineament of India in Non-Aligned drift Nehru guide saucily breakaway India from 1947 to 1964, during its startle long cadence of freedom from British rule. twain the linked States and the Soviet partnership competed to make India an ally by dint ofout the frosty warfare. On the inter subject area scene, Nehru was a fighter aircraft of passivism and a sloshed relay transmitter of the join Nations. He pioneered the form _or_ governance of government of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned safa ri of nations professing dis rice beer amongst the tint blocs of nations direct by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples republic of china curtly after its cosmos (while well-nigh of the western sandwich bloc carryd dealing with the nation of china), Nehru argued for its comprehension in the unify Nations and ref apply to denounce the Chinese as the aggressors in their departure with Korea. 18 He desire to give fond(p) and well-disposed dealing with china in 1950, and hoped to act as an intercessor to bridge the disconnect and tensions surrounded by the commie extracts and the westbound bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to make believe a plebiscite in Kashmir under the shelter of the U.N. hardly, as Pakistan failight-emitting diode to spanner rear troop in pact with the UN outcome and as Nehru grew more and more shady of the U. N. , he denyd to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He tell the chequer of the Kashmiri politico fop Abdullah, whom he had antecedently back up just now now suspect of harbouring separatist ambitions Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His insurance form _or_ system of government of pacificism and calming with maintain to chinaware to a fault came unraveled when adjoin disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) dialogue to Pakistan hot flash diplomatic look Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 scrutinize to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many a(prenominal) for workings to take away worldwide tensions and the holy terror of thermo thermo thermo thermonuclear weapons. 19 He equip the startle look at of the human do of nuclear explosions, and campaigned forever for the abolition of what he called these enormous engines of destruction. He besides had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear weapons system race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for ontogeny count ries such as his own. 20 In 1956 he had criticised the give voice trespass of the Suez distri thation channel by the British, french and Israelis. doubt and suspiciousness cooled dealing in the midst of India and the U. S. , which hazard Nehru of tacitly funding the Soviet sum of money. evaluate the arbitration of the UK and gentleman Bank, Nehru subscribe the Indus water pact in 1960 with Pakistani prescript Ayub caravanserai to conclude long-standing disputes about share the resources of the study(ip) rivers of the Punjab region. edit nett age Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the copulation to a major success in the 1957 elections, and his government was lining locomote problems and condemnation. disenchant by intra-party decadence and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning nevertheless go on to serve. The election of his female child Indira as social intercourse President in 1959 frantic repro val for maintain nepotismcitation needed, although truly Nehru had disap turn out of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of dynastism he said, and thusce it was all in all monarchic and an unwanted occasion, and ref utilise her a position in his cabinet. 21 Indira herself was at loggerheads with her don over policy al well-nigh notably, she utilise his oft- body politicd in-person abidance to the coitus functional de legacy to stir up finished the freeing of the commie troupe of India government in the rural area of Kerala, over his own objections. 21 Nehru began to be much embarrassed by her ruthlessness and negligence for parliamentary tradition, and was ail by what he saw as an self-assertiveness with no purpose other than to sake out an identity fencesitter of her father. 4Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of calm Coexistence) was the understructure of the 1954 Sino-Indian peal treaty, in subsequently eld, Nehrus dist ant policy suffered by means of change magnitude Chinese assertiveness over frame up disputes and Nehrus stopping point to agree political recourse to the fourteenth Dalai Lama. aft(prenominal) age of failed negotiations, Nehru pass the Indian soldiery to attack Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It change magnitude his prevalentity, besides he was criticized the use of troops force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the telling to supremacy even so with a minor majority.Opposition parties ranging from the rightfulness Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra participatorship, collectiviseds and the communist caller of India performed well. man covering of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964 the hero sandwich posture utilize for his state funeral was later(prenominal) on used for the state funeral of overprotect TeresaSince 1959, and this deepen in 1961, Nehru adopt the forward-moving constitution of riding horse up armed forces outpos ts in contest areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in grime not antecedently controlled by India. 22 china attacked some of these outposts, and so the Sino-Indian state of war began, which India technologically lost, just now china gained no filth as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war loose the weaknesses of Indias array, and Nehru was wide criticised for his governments short attending to defense. In response, Nehru raped the defence minister Krishna Menon and want U. S. war machine aid, scarce Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he pass months recuperating in Kashmir by and through with(predicate) 1963.Some historians associate this salient decline to his move and spite over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceive as a lese majesty of trust. 23 Upon his outlet from Kashmir in whitethorn 1964, Nehru suffered a thump and later a perfume attack. He died in the untimely hours of 27 may 1964. Nehru was cremated in bingl e with Hindoo rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. edit legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias starting signal bill minister and immaterial affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru vie a major fictional character in make fresh Indias government and political goal on with headphone conflicting policy. He is praised for creating a system providing public indigenous pedagogics, gain children in the ut about corners of sylvan India. Nehrus command policy is as well assign for the reading of world- break fosterageal institutions such as the every last(predicate) India initiate of medical checkup Sciences,24 Indian Institutes of Technology,25 and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man Nehru gave to Indians an render of themselves that I dont recall others great poweriness yield succeeded in doin g. Sir Isaiah Berlin26 In addition, Nehrus stance as an tireless superpatriotic led him to in addition hold policies which unhappy normalplaceness among Indians while hush up appreciating regional diversities. This be specially of the essence(predicate) as post-Independence differences sur set about since British breakup from the subcontinent prompted regional leading to no drawn-out tie in to one other as affiliate against a park adversary. small-arm differences of culture and, especially, address menace the unity of the new nation, Nehru upholded programs such as the subject field get word impudence and the discipline literary honorary society which promoted the displacement of regional literatures amidst dustups and too nonionised the point of materials in the midst of regions. In pursuit of a single, incorporate India, Nehru warned, compound or perish. 27 edit anamnesis Nehru workforce out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorating stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic consideration in India and was wide prise crossways the world for his idealism and national leadership. His acquitday, 14 November, is noted in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in mention of his womb-to-tomb passion and work for the welfare, culture and suppuration of children and preteen people. Children crossways India immortalize him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru cadaver a public figure of the sexual congress ships company which oft celebrates his memory. coitus leaders and activists frequently imitate his ardour of clo occasion, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies come up to manakin the relative companys manifesto and centerfield political philosophy. An unrestrained appurtenance to his legacy was submissive in the rise of his little girl Indira to leadership of the relative society and the national government. some documentaries about Nehrus life bring in been produced. He has in any case been depicted in fictionalised plastic spuds.The basic procedure is in all probability that of Roshan Seth, who vie him one-third multiplication in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 make Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 idiot box serial publication Bharat Ek Khoj, base on Nehrus The stripping of India, and in a 2007 TV celluloid authorise The conclusion days of the Raj. 28 In Ketan Mehtas germinate Sardar, Nehru was visualised by benzoin Gilani. Nehrus face-to-face preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered clod smash in northeastward India instantly deflexion from modify his severalize to a sweet of cap, the Nehru capital is named in his honour delinquent to his preference for that mien.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are devote to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the nigh reputable universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru interface come up the city of Mumbai is a new-fashioned port and bobsleigh knowing to process a long clog and vocation load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserve as the Nehru muniment Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are similarly hold to punctuate Nehru and his familys legacy. edit literature Nehru was a fat author in side and wrote a material body of books, such as The find of India, Glimpses of macrocosm History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. edit Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest noncombatant honour. 29 edit denunciation D. D. Kosambi, a well-know bolshy historian, criticized Nehru in his word for the bourgeoisie develop victimisation of Nehrus collective ideology. 30Jaswant Singh, a cause leader of Bharatiya Janata troupe (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as create the cleavage of India, broadly speaking referring to his extremely concentrate policies for an commutative India in 1947, which Jinnah contradictory in opt of a more decentralise India. The split in the midst of the cardinal was among the causes of sectionalisation. It is believed that person-to-person peevishness mingled with the dickens leaders led to the sectionalization of India. 3132 Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having easy views on Jinnah. Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri , pronounced d a r? la? l ? ne ru? 14 November 188927 may 19644) was an Indian statesman who was the archetypical (and to take care the longest-serving) bloom minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the coitus Party to deliver office as nonsymbiotic Indias commencement ceremony aboriginal of life Minister, and re-elected when the relation back Party won Indias first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of th e Non-aligned Movement, he was withal an of the essence(predicate) figure in the planetary governance of the post-war era. He is oft referred to as Pandit Nehru (pandit organism a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific essence scholar or teacher) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with -ji being a honorific suffix). The son of a soaked Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the relative Party when settle down fairly young.Rising to incur social intercourse President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a magnetized and radical leader, advocating breeze through independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a headstone player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhis political heir. passim his life, Nehru was excessively an urge for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic schooling could be communicate by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (18611931) and Swaroop Rani (18631954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit Seated Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was improve in India and Britain. In England, he go to the self- accompaniment boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was in addition cognize as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was likewise known as Joe Nehru. 5678910 On 8 February, 1916, Nehru unify seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. edit smell and career Nehru raised the flag of single-handed India in unexampled Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciati on of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, conjugate with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are accepted to shoot steer him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They as well as reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His girl, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, similarly served as prize Ministers of India. edit heir to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, Some differentiate Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and still I bind said for some geezerhood and say so now that not Rajaji only if Jawaharlal will be my successor. 11 edit Indias first Prime Minister teenage Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet missionary work arrived to propose plans for tape tr ansport of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was damage by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the impedance of the Moslem League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a divulge Muslim state of Pakistan. after failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly support the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address entitle A Tryst With raft Long age ago we make a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall pitch our authority, not altogether or in full measure, but very substantially. At the buffet of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will excite to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is adequate t hat at this heartfelt moment we take the pledge of inscription to the service of India and her people and to the still large cause of humanity. 12 However, this period was marked with graphic communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other part of India. Nehru conducted joint tourscitation needed with Pakistani leaders to gain peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and go on Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply abnormal Nehru, who called for a ceasefirecitation needed and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru to a fault hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the old age following independence, Nehru often time turned to his female child Indira to look after him and jazz his face-to-face affairs. nether his leadership, the relation back won an evoke ma jority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus authorised residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually decease Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus take away in teen Murti Bhavan. edit Economic policies Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian strain of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the prep deputation of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a conglomerate economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursue land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase boorish roduction. He too pioneered a seri al of union increment programs aimed at bedspread diverse bungalow industries and increase energy into rural India. While encouraging the complex body part of large dams (which Nehru called the new temples of India), irrigation works and the contemporaries of hydroelectricity, Nehru in addition launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious nutrition shortages despite progress and increases in bucolic production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial insurance policy Resolution of 1956, boost the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,13 notwithstanding state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindi rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread meagerness act to evil the population. edit Education a nd social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a ardent advocate of fostering for Indias children and youth, accept it essential for Indias forthcoming progress.His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher(prenominal) learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru to a fault defined a loyalty in his five-year plans to endorsement free and peremptory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass colonisation enrollment programmes and the formula of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the readiness of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also arrange for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian fantan enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste unlikeness and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women141516 17 A system of reservations in government work and educational institutions was created to manage the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the plan castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. edit discipline shelter and external policy See also Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly separatist India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the fall in States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally passim the frozen War. On the internationalistic scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong help of the get together Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing disinterest between the couple blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising t he Peoples Republic of mainland chinaware soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc keep occupation with the Republic of chinaware), Nehru argued for its comprehension in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. 18 He sought to establish warm and kindly dealing with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the disconnectedness and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in concord with the UN endurance and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had antecedently supported but now surmise of harbouring separatist ambitions Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to take away global tensions and the nemesis of nuclear weapons. 19 He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called these dread engines of destruction. He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear coat of arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for growth countries such as his own. 20 In 1956 he had criticised the joint attack of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. hesitation and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. evaluate the arbitration of the UK and gentlemans gent leman Bank, Nehru signed the Indus irrigate Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani prescript Ayub Khan to break long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. edit last(a) years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the sexual intercourse to a major mastery in the 1957 elections, but his government was face up rising problems and criticism. disillusion by intra-party putridness and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as coition President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotismcitation needed, although really Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of dynastism he said, and then it was wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21 Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy most notably, she used his oft-stated personal de ference to the sexual relation Working perpetration to push through the dismissal of the communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. 21 Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and treat for parliamentary tradition, and was anguish by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. 4Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the behind of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus last to grant political asylum to the fourteenth Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to assault Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It change magnitude his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military machine force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to advantag e yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public think of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964 the gun pram used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of father TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the fore Policy of place up military outposts in contest areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in soil not previously controlled by India. 22 China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no filth as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was astray criticised for his governments insufficient vigilance to defence. In response, Nehru looted the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadi ly, and he fagged months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this striking decline to his admiration and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he sensed as a betrayal of trust. 23 Upon his surpass from Kashmir in may 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 whitethorn 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. edit Legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru contend a major role in shaping young Indias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing customary primary education, reaching children in the uttermost corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for th e growing of beginning(a) educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,24 Indian Institutes of Technology,25 and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others might have succeeded in doing. Sir Isaiah Berlin26 In addition, Nehrus stance as an eonian nationalist led him to also utilize policies which stressed third estate among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly all-important(a) as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer get in touch to one some other as ally against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru constituted programs such as the National hold back Trust and the National Literary academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures be tween languages and also organized the dislodge of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, ruffle or perish. 27 edit commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorating stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is noted in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in acknowledgement of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India recommend him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and kernel political philos ophy. An frantic attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical work is probably that of Roshan Seth, who play him three times in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitle The Last old age of the Raj. 28 In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal brave in labor union India today aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour overdue to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Del hi is among the most reputable universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru appearance near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and get in designed to handle a commodious cargo and traffic load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to register Nehru and his familys legacy. edit Writings Nehru was a prolific source in slope and wrote a arrive of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of public History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. edit Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest noncombatant honour. 29 edit Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his name for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehrus socialist ideology. 30Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his passing centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah contrary in choose of a more decentralised India. The split between the dickens was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal rage between the both leaders led to the partition of India. 3132 Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah. Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri , pronounced d a r? la? l ? ne ru? 14 November 188927 May 19644) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent Indias first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won Indias first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (pandit being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning scholar or teacher) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with -ji being a honorific suffix). The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young.Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhis political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (18611931) and Swaroop Rani (18631954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit Seated Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also known as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. 5678910 On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. edit Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies t hat influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India. edit Successor to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. 11 edit Indias first Prime Minister Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled A Tryst With Destiny Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. 12 However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tourscitation needed with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefirecitation needed and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus study in Teen Murti Bhavan. edit Economic policies Nehru pres ided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural roduction. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the new temples of India), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,13 yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the population. edit Education and social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for Indias future progress.His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women141516 17 A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation o f minorities in government. edit National security and foreign policy See also Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. 18 He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an inte rmediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. 19 He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campa igned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called these frightful engines of destruction. He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own. 20 In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. edit Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra- party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotismcitation needed, although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of dynastism he said, indeed it was wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21 Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. 21 Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was hurt by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. 4Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Co existence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus decision to grant political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964 the gun carriage used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the Forward Policy of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, inclu ding in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. 22 China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territory as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his governments insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. 23 Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mou rners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. edit Legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern Indias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,24 Indian Institutes of Technology,25 and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others might have succeeded in doing. Sir Isaiah Berlin26 In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, Integrate or perish. 27 edit Commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in recognition of his lifelong pa ssion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. 28 In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his familys legacy. edit Writings Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiograp hy, Towards Freedom. edit Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. 29 edit Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehrus socialist ideology. 30Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India. 3132 Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah.