Failure of the Asante Uprising

Failure of the Asante UprisingAccount for the failure of the Asante to mount a unified struggle against the British during the Yaa AsantewaakoThe Asante was a land of Ghana spellive by the Akan slew. During the 1700s the kingdom expanded under their radiation patternr, Osei Tutu, and his successor, Osai Apoko, to cover most of Ghana, including the coast, which later on became known as the coin Coast because of its gold mines. Their trade in gold and other commodities, including slaves, spread out across the Atlantic.1In the nineteenth speed of light British traders began to take control of the trade routes and coastal regions. fights and treaties with British over possession of land continued throughout the century. Later in the century the slave trade declined and the Asante had to rely on its sales of cola nut nuts to the north. However, the pressures of colonisation, and the British monopoly of the gold mines, proved too a great deal for the state and it lost its indepe ndence in 1874.2At this time the ruler of Ejisu, a state in the Confederacy, was Nana Akwasi Afrane Okpese. When he died in 1894, his sister Yaa Asantewaa nominated her grandson as ruler. However, in 1896 he was send into exile with the King of Asante, Prempeh I, and Yaa Asantewaa herself became regent.3The Asante people had a legendary dejection, known as the Golden Stool, which was believed to contain the spirit of the Asante nation. This throne symbolically represented the nations independence, and had never been sat on. In 1900, the British governor-general of the Gold Coast, Sir Frederick Hodgson, demanded that the throne should be brought to him in honour of queen Victoria, and he should be entitled to sit on it. This demand was unresponsive in the light of the peoples reverence of the stool and created a great deal of anger and resentment amongst the Asante people.Yaa Asantewaa reacted by starting the Asante ascent in 1900 which was intended to release the King. This star ted by an get downed ambush, and was followed by the beleaguering of the British in Kumasi. The Asante only made one attack on the fort, and when a rescue party arrived, 600 men were released, who, despite further attacks on the road from around 1500 warriors, were able to get to the coast with a injury of 40 men.4A rescue force of 1000 men was sent out, and although they received heavy attacks from allied tribes, they were able to carry out an assault on Kumasi in July 1900, and relieved the fort within two days. pursuit this victory for the British, raids took place on regions that supported the uprising and eventually the Asante were exclusively trouncinged. Yaa Asantewaa was excessively exiled, and remained so until her death in 1921.5The Asante had the expediency at the commencement ceremony of the uprising, and the possibility of the uprising being a success consumems at source glimpse to have been very high. However, there are various reasons why they were unable to overcome the British, and present a unified force.Despite the Asantes courage and cunning, the British also showed extreme bravery and enterprise in the face of horrific conditions, both for those in the siege, and for the relieving wads. The men and women in the send had only limited supplies, and after(prenominal) the initial release of the 600 who managed to make their agency to the Cape Coast, the remaining garrison only had enough rations to last them for cardinal weeks.6Furthermore, the relief expedition, led by Colonel Willcocks, faced enormous problems. They had difficulty in obtaining carriers and food for the journey, and as it was the height of the rainy season, all the roads were in deepest mud and almost impenetrable.7Despite these seemingly insurmountable problems, Willcockss troop managed to reach Bekwai. From here, he managed to draw much of the enemy away from Kumasi by releasing reports that he was about to attack Kokofu to the east. However, whilst feint ing an advance on Kokofu, he suddenly turned west to Kumasi, and after some shake uping, reached the fort, just in time to relieve the inhabitants before they surrendered.8It is clear, therefore, that the defeat of the Asante uprising was very much due to the courage and cleverness of Willcocks, who was afterwards promoted and received the K.C.M.G.Further reasons for this defeat must lie with the Asante themselves. Despite their show of initial strength, this last act of defiance in the wars with the British had its own weaknesses.The running(prenominal) wars of the preceding century had decreased the Asantes power over land around the coast. The territorial war of 1873-74 had also ended in defeat for the Asante, and the kings that ruled their people immediately after this war were either tyrannical or short-lived. well-behaved war was the outcome, until the election of Prempeh, who at first seemed to bring peace. However, his later refusal to stick with with the treaty made e arlier, led to his exile, and British governors were put in place at Kumasi.9The moral of the Asante must have been low at this point. umteen of the chiefs could not reconcile themselves to British rule, but seemed unable to take activeness. Furthermore, more of the tribes remained loyal to the British, which must have decreased their strength even further. much of the enemy they were fighting against was made up of Africans the Hausas and tribes loyal to the British, which perhaps was also a demoralising factor. With other tribes allying themselves to the British, they were unable to call on so many neighbouring areas darn the British were able to call on continual support, even though this support was long in coming.At the start of the rebellion, Yaa Asantewaa had been able to gain the support of some of the Asante nobility, but only after an impassioned and now famous lecturing she made to members of the government council straightway I see that some of you fear to go for ward to fight for our King. If it were in the brave days of Osei Tutu, Okomfo Anokye, and Opoku Ware, chiefs would not sit down to see their king taken away without firing a shot. No European could have dared speak to chiefs of Asante in the way the governor spoke to you this morning. Is it authorized that the bravery of Asante is no more? I cannot believe it. It cannot be I must say this if you the men of Asante give not go forward, indeed we will. We the women will. I shall call upon my fellow women. We will fight the white men. We will fight till the last of us falls in the battle line of businesss.10This speech was made because the government members could not agree on the right action to take. Although she did gather support for the rebellion, it may be that it was not as weapons-grade in spirit as its verse suggest.The rebels were able to muster a force of 40,000, but numbers were not a great advantage in the light of the superior technology of the British ammunition, whi ch included field guns and rapid-fire maxim guns.11 This gap in technology had grown over the preceding 100 years and severely disadvantaged the Asante, though their use of stockades was an attempt to deal with British superior gunfire.12In summarising the reasons why the Asante were unable to defeat the British in this uprising, it can clearly be seen that, despite their numbers and bravery, they were at a considerable disadvantage in military terms, and in support. The years of war had seen a growth of military technology for the British, while the Asante only had defence techniques to counter this. The gradual submission to British rule by neighbouring tribes must also have been a factor, and in the end, the War of the Golden Stool was a final act of defiance which was ineluctably doomed to failure.BibliographyGilbert, M., A History of the Twentieth Century Volume One, 1900-1933, online gettable from http//partners.nytimes.com/books/first/g/gilbert-history. hypertext mark-up la nguage accessed 28th April 2007Nugent, P., (1997) A Clash of Empires Asante and the British online A review of Edgerton, Robert, The Fall of the Asante Empire The Hundred Year War For Africas Gold Coast Available fromhttp//www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=20828873843577fromnote1 accessed 28th April 2007www.1911encyclopedia.orgwww.bbc.co.ukwww.en.wikipedia.orgwww.viowa.edu11 www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter6.shtml2 www.viowa.edu/africart/toc/history/giblinstate/htmlasante3 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaa_Asantewaa4 ibid /war-of-the-golden-stool5 wikipedia.org/wiki/war-of-the-golden-stool6 www.1911encyclopedia.org/Asante7 ibid8 ibid9 www.1911encyclopedia.org/Asante10 quoted in www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaa_Asantewaa11 Gilbert, M., A History of the Twentieth Century Volume One, 1900-1933, online12 Nugent, P., (1997) A Clash of Empires Asante and the British,

Major Tasks Of Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay

Major Tasks Of meter Surveyor Construction Essay beat Surveyor is a affairal who figure within the body structure industry involving grammatical construction addresss. This profession provides a qualification gained following formal education, specific training and stick that provide a general set of skills that argon then apply to a diverse variety of problems. These relate to prices and obtains on verbal expression projects. Other areas in which Quantity Surveyor find employment include blank space surveys for hidden defects on behalf of potential purchasers, running estates, valuating the mineral deposits of mining companies, merchandising property and even Leasehold Reform Act puzzle out. Quantity Surveyor besides involves each(prenominal) stages of the project and is usually appointed by the architect or send who designs the construction. They act as the financial overseer of a particular project, translating the plans into details equals.The major tasks of Qua ntity Surveyor include preparation of Bills and Schedules of Quantities of materials, labour and services ask in the construction and equipment of construct or engineering work. Traditionally, much of the work was included in Bills of Quantities as prime termss sums. Bills of Quantities, for example, consist of mammoth quantities of estimate few items. Because much of the work involved is at or below ground level, the quantities are normally fairly correct, with a serious remeasurement of the work that is actually carried out. Also as there is not the selfsame(prenominal) direct relationship between measurement and costs, contractual claims and potentially is more(prenominal) likely gist. In addition, quantity surveyor should also has frequent dealings with the different working rule agreements, day work rates and other documents such as courteous Engineering Procedure, which is published by the Institution of Civil Engineers. other major task of Quantity Surveyor is giv ing advice on cost management or value management from time to time. The basis of the construction project in the context of forecasting, analyzing, planning, controlling and accounting. For example, Quantity Surveyors are the cost and value experts of the construction industry. Their responsibilities include advising invitees on the cost and value innuendo of design decisions and the controlling of construction costs. Great importance is now collapsen to the control of costs on the majority of the projects. Clients and designers are disposed to make changes after the contract has been signed, and to order additional works that were not visualized.Quantity Surveyor also subscribe tofully to give an opinion on secondary proposals and prise the costs. Once the decision is made to build the project by the client, Quantity Surveyor will recommend the client on proper to contract position as well as the legal contract and conditions under which the building will be constructed. Quantity Surveyor also action on behalf of the client advises the architect and engineer on the cost implications. This includes the different construction methods, alternative choice of materials, size and quality of the project. This is also to stop that each broker is settling with the cost plan allowance and the overall project cost remains within the budget. anyway, Quantity Surveyor is a strong position to vex a leading managerial role throughout the development of a project. For example, they are able to assess the implications of changes in design, rank conditions and working ar barfments and give the client accurate budget and time estimates.Besides that, preparing kind and contract documents are also one of the major tasks of Quantity Surveyor.Quantity Surveyor needs to typeset these tender documents at the end of the process. When the project is near to the tender stage, the different firms that may be interested in constructing the project should be ready the des igns for construction projects. However, it is also recognized that the process is too abundant and frequently still un satisfactory as compared to other countries of Western europium and in different parts of the world. During the latter decades of the twentieth century, much effort was made to reduce overall design and construction time periods as well as attempting to reduce the time spent on site by the contractor. After that, Quantity Surveyor will recommend the contractor that suited for the projects to the client so that client can select a suitable contractor to complete the project.As a conclude, Quantity Surveyor plays an important roles in construction industry. Quantity Surveyor needs to prepare the Bills of Quantities, tender documents, and procurement. Besides, Quantity Surveyor also has to advice the client on appropriate contract arrangement, cost management or value management. Quantity Surveyor is now retained to help clients develop their dodge for managing al l of their construction projects.The skills involve by Quantity Surveyors in preparing and ensuring intelligent quality of documents for construction projects.Quantity Surveyor manages all costs that are related to building projects, from the initial computation to the final figures. Quantity Surveyor also seeks to pick at the costs of a project and enhance value for money, while achieving the required standards and quantity. A Quantity Surveyor may work with either the client or the contractor, working in an office or on site. The title of the dividing line may also be referred to as a construction cost consultant or commercial manager. Below is range of skills that the profession would need to continue to develop if it wished to maintain its role within the construction industry. For example, companionship base that includes construction technology, measurement rule and conventions, construction economics, financial management, avocation administration, construction law and a skill base that includes management, documentation, analysis, appraisal, quantification, synthesis and communication. there are deuce types of skills, one of them is soft skills and the other one is unwaveringly skills.Some example of soft skills is responsible. As a Quantity Surveyor we should rehearse responsibility for our reputation depends on it and most important we calculate sums, prepare tender document and the contract. Besides, the other example of soft skills is able to work with people. Quantity Surveyor has to work with architect, civil and structure engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering and the most important is to work with client or developer. Quantity Surveyor should attain impregnable communications with all of them especially when preparing the tender document and procurement.Besides that, calculation is one of the examples of hard skills that a Quantity Surveyor should practice example, a Quantity Surveyor must have strong basic in calculation and sense of the principles involved in discounting the value of future receipts and payments. Another example of hard skills is computer literacy. Computer literacy requires an understanding of the following two related areas of computer knowledge-Knowing computer capabilities and limitationsGeneral understanding of the organization, capabilities and limitations of the various machines, example the hardware.Knowing how to use computerFamiliarity with the common uses or exertions of computers. Comfortable working with pre-written software.The other of the hard skills is accounting skills. It is a unplumbed and important caper skill and as such is important to the quantity surveyor in general. The primary purpose of keeping accounts is to provide a repose of all the financial transactions of the business, and to establish whether or not the business is making a profit. The accounts will also be used-In determining the partners or companys tax liabilities.To support an applicatio n to a bank for funding.To determine the value of business in the event of a sale.In addition, Quantity surveying require a range of technical skills. Qualified surveyors must be able to read architectural drawings and understand construction processes. They find that an admiration of mechanical and electrical installations is valuable, unneurotic with an understanding of their interface with other parts of the construction. As quantity surveyors are concerned with financial matters, strong numerical skills are essential. In building surveying, its important to have a thorough understanding of regulations and laws so made to ensure that they are followed. Besides that, the work is volatile and so Quantity Surveyor needs to be flexible and able to think on feet. Creativity might help Quantity Surveyor to solve unexpected problems.As a conclude, Quantity Surveyor needs to have good attitude, have good communications skills as you could be required to express your opinions both verbal ly and on paper, able to work with others and can work well in a team, have a sound knowledge of building construction, skilful in calculation, accounting and computer literacy, and technique skills that able to read architectural drawings and understand construction processes. All of this is important to a Quantity Surveyor to ensure good quantity, accurate costing, and good quantity in preparing the tender documents and procurement.

The Values And Ethics Of The Profession Social Work Essay

The Values And Ethics Of The Profession tender Work EssaySocial plowers are put into difficult situations on a regular basis. The Health and caveat professions council (HCPC) set guidelines to aid the challenges fond actors face. To remain registered, a friendly histrion of necessity to abide by the HCPC code of morals to secure delivery of the trump out possible religious do for exploiters. Working within the guidelines set can be challenging as it may pillow slip fight with the serve drug substance ab exploiters value or likelyly the affectionate locomoteers experience set. For the purpose of this essay, morality give be delineate as professional obligations and rules of conduct (Meacham, 2007). Social work values impart be defined as a range of beliefs about what is regarded as worthy or valuable in a amicable work context (BASW, 2012 p17). This essay focuses on two areas of the personalisation agenda that can cause challenges for social proletarians accommodation and personal ciphers. The target gain exploiter host for the purposes of this essay is bulk with disabilities. Using the definition stated in the compare practise, (2010) A person is considered disabled if they have a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term disallow force play on their ability to do normal daily activities. Legislation and requirements to reenforcement adults with disabilities is increasing for the over eleven million mickle with a restrict long term illness, impairment or disability in salient Britain (office for disability issues, 2012). However, disabled tribe report mixed faces and reactions to the mandates and rules put in place regarding their care and allowances (Dalley, 1991). The social philosophical approaches to social work will be used to deal with the challenges and encounters social workers face. This essay touches upon Kants deontology Benthams and Mills utilitarianism and Biesteks 7 principles approach.Immanuel Kant (1785) developed the speculation of deontology. This means that social workers destiny to be promoting undecomposed actions and the correct motive, even so the consequence is non important and the idea of an pleasant motive is subject to judgement (Adapted by Hartsell, 2006 Banks, 2001 Reiman, 2009 Meacham, 2008). Subsequently, Kant introduced the idea of a vapid positive (CI). A CI maintains a persons motives for their actions and they therefore should be satisfactory as a universal law. Thus people should act on motives that can be used by everyone in a deterrent example baseball club and lead to applaud for people (Darwell, 2002 cited in Reiman, 2009). From this it is seen that people should be case-hardened as an end, for example a choice or desire, kind of than a means (object) to our ingest ends. He believed that everyone should be do byed with respect regardless of their characteristics or behaviour (Banks, 2001).Kant talks about respect for the personistic person and promoting self-importance determination. Biestek (1961) produced 7 principles that over time have render highly influential to social workers looking at values and ethics within their practice. 5 main principles have been usedIndividualisation fruition that each profit user has unique qualities, unafraid and bad.Purposeful mien of feeling Recognition that profit users need to posit their feelings (especially negative ones) freely. credence The social worker should be able to work with a serve user without passing judgement and accepting Individuals for who they are, including their strengths and their weaknesses.Non judgemental attitude Social workers should be able to non pass judgement or assign misdeed to the utility user. It is about judging the service users behaviourUser self determination the social worker should be able to guide the service user, depending on their on their capacity, to have freedom in making their admit las ts and choices (Adapted by Banks, 2001).Utilitarianism focuses on a consequentialist approach as it focuses on the consequences of the action, quite than the actions themselves. (Scheffler, 1994 cited in Reiman, 2009). Decisions should be made on the results and consequences it could have on society rather than on a personal and individualist basis, and to promote ut just about ethical within society. The right action produces the greatest balance of commodity over evil the principle of utility. (Banks, 2001). Utilitarianism is based on a theory developed by Bentham and Mills who looked into two branches of utilitarianism sybaritic and ideal utilitarianism. Bentham explored hedonistic utilitarianism, where healthy was matched with happiness. Mills explored the idea of ideal utilitarianism. This focused on good cosmos about virtues, truth and knowledge, not just happiness. (Banks, 2001). The theory promotes the greatest good for the greatest number of people. When making a d ecision it is imperative that the consequence is considered. Therefore as a social worker, it would be honest to look at the consequences of the forthcoming action and evaluate what would be most beneficial and least harmful to the service user.In the late 1980s, the political relation recognised that an improvement in access to connection serve was required. The government were committed to providing more support for people with long term take by assisting and supporting individuals to manage their conditions and providing services they require in the community rather than in long-stay hospitals.(Oliver, 1996) Morris (1993) conducted a study that looked into disabled individuals who needed sidereal day to day services. He found that disabled individuals were starting to feel a sense of hopelessness and helplessness when trying to access statutory services. Historically, social workers pass judgmented and told service users what services they needed. Through the personalisat ion agenda, and the introduction of direct payments, service users told the social worker their needs. For the first time, the social worker had to accept the service users self-assessment and and then use the assessment to see if the highlighted issues were eligible under Fair price of admission to Care (2003) legislation. Direct payments were introduced in 1997 and social workers had to translate service user needs into a monetary value to enable them to purchase their own service. The aim was to give individuals control over their care and their lives. Direct payments evolved into individualized budgets and have further evolved into a more individualised budget / service plan. The need for change and equality of service render has been recognised as more views are being articulatiod by people with disabilities. In line with Beisteks theory, service users are use purposeful expression of feeling and self-determination to enable the social workers to know their wants and need s. This has resulted in changes which could reduce the potential for conflict in the future.A further challenge is budgetary control. usefulness users often want services that are financially unavailable to them. Although ethics state that service users should be encouraged to have self- determination, be treated as a whole and the social worker should promote and admit information regarding their care (BASW, 2012), the service users choice cannot always be guaranteed. Utilitarianism would counsel that this is because if service users always received the services they wanted, the social worker would not be promoting the greatest good for the greatest number, instead would be pickings a more Kantian approach of promoting moral good. These two philosophical approaches cause conflict within themselves.The Mental subject Act (2005) says a person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time he is unable to make a decision for himself in relation to the matter becaus e of an impairment of, or a fretfulness in the functioning of, the mind or brain. (s2). This leads to challenges and conflicts for social workers. If the service user had capacity, there could be conflict over the way they spend their budget which could lead to the social worker treating that individual without respect. Following the BASW code of ethics (2012), it states that social workers should respect the right to self-determination. Kant would support this view as, by the social worker supporting the individual to meet their own self-defined needs, the social worker is promoting good actions that will in turn produce good outcomes for the individual. The social worker needs to recognise that the individual has human rights and freedom to voice their views. Burton (1996) showed that there was a failure to recognise the unequal power dealing between the social worker in control of provision of services and the service user who relies on the services. This therefore would underm ine Beisteks principles of self-determination as, although the service user is voicing their opinion, the social worker is not listening and this could be seen as jeopardising the principles of personalisation and the code of ethics that are imperative. The implementation of The Mental Capacity Act needs to be reviewed to ensure workers are following legislation and ethics. It should not be assumed someone lacks capacity because they have a disability.On the other hand, if the service user didnt have capacity, it could cause conflict between the social worker and the paid carer and/or unpaid carers. If the service user lacks capacity, how would the social worker or the carers be able to assess what was best for the individual? A social worker would have to go on and promote human dignity and well-being as well as empowering the individual. (BASW, 2012). These ethics and values are supported by Beisteks theory. Workers need to treat the service user with respect, be non -judgemental and accept the situation the service user may be in. The social worker therefore would only be able to act upon their assessment which should include the carers views on what is best for the service user. Utilitarianism, an alternative argument, would argue whats the greatest good for the greatest number? What would win the service user more? The social workers views or the carers views? The outcomes need to ensure that the maximum people are happy. The social worker could reach the maximum happiness and reduce conflict by using empowerment. The social worker would respect the needs and preferences of the service user, via the carers and family members as well as recognising their own prejudices to ensure the correct services are offered. The Community Care Act (1990) promotes care in the community and people staying within their own internal, allowing the individual to use their personal budget and have carers to promote independence. There is present to suggest for example, i ndividuals who have fractured a limb, fare better when they recuperate in their own homes. (Pignolo, Keenan and Hebela, 2011).Accommodation is a major concern for many service users (Davis and Wainwright, 1996). One aspect that could cause conflict is the practice of placing young people in young disability units, properties that are specifically designed for people with learning disabilities. Although this could be seen as a solution for people to act and have support, there is a potential conflict as the individual cannot choose where they want to live and may live a infinite from family/friends. If placed in a purpose built establishment, the individuals are classed as being housed by the local authority and therefore do not get to choose alternative locations (Oliver, 1996). The dilemma for the social worker is the need to take the individuals views into account whilst balancing their needs and wants, particularly if the service user lacks the capacity to make the decision.It is unlawful for anyone to sign a tenancy compact on behalf of an individual who lacks capacity. A capacity assessment needs to be undertaken to ensure the service user understands how to maintain that tenancy. In order to proceed, an practise needs to be made to The Court of Protection. This could lead to conflict as the social worker and housing department need to uphold the law, however many families feel they have the right to sign a tenancy for their disabled family member and find it difficult to accept that this is not the case. jibe to BASW (2012), the social worker needs to develop professional relationships with the service user and the family, uphold the reputation and values of the profession as well as recognising diversity and treating the individual as a whole. Utilitarianism would recommend looking at what benefits the whole family, rather than just the service user. Challenges arise when the service user lacks capacity. Using the utilitarian approach, it could be said that the service user shouldnt be given a tenancy as it doesnt promote the greatest good for the greatest number. This view is in conflict with BASW codes of ethics. It could be seen as unethical practice and lead to further conflict. Beistek would support the view of BASW in using the specific value base that service users should be allowed to freely express their feelings, both positive and negative, and the social worker should listen and make a decision in an accepting and non-judgemental way. However, Kant would say that although the consequence of not acquiring a choice in where the service user lives is a negative outcome, the intention of placing them in a home, with other people to socialise is a good moral judgement that is solely benefitting the individual.Another potential conflict could be honest-to-god disabled individuals being forced into care. The Sutherland Report (1999) claimed that older disabled people were being forced into institutional care excessively early due to the lack of alternative care at home. Sixsmith and Sixsmith (2008) provided yard that by 2008 there had been a shift in care provision and that the Personalisation Agenda meant that people were remaining in their home for longer and receiving leave services. However there is a further potential for conflict when fit people, with disabilities, to stay in their homes. Individuals may want to grow old at home but is this possible for people with significantly reduced mobility? legion(predicate) homes are inaccessible to wheelchair users and those with significant mobility impairments (Burns, 2004). There is a Government avoidance whereby disabled people can apply for a disabled preparation grant to have their homes adapted, and certain individuals have to re-pay the Government, therefore the Government is not financing expensive care packages. The role of the social worker would be to negotiate, support and empower the service user to have their needs met in the most appropriate, desired way. According to Kants theory, having a loan is the moral good as people will be able to remain at home for longer, promoting happiness and community care. This would be supported by the values of BASW which states social workers need to treat the service user as a whole and respect their right to self-determination. In contrast to Kants theory, Utilitarianism would consider measure up the consequences of removing the service user from their house and into an adapted and safe environment. I.e. a care home could be seen as an easier option for disabled people to receive care. This view could cause conflict because the social worker is going against the wishes and desires of the service user. Utilitarianism looks at the best outcome for society rather than on an individual level. Therefore, by moving individuals out of the house into the care home may provide maximum happiness for society, although it disregards the individuals views and opinions. This is a cr iticism of the model as many service users could potentially not have their needs met in a manner that is acceptable to them due to the focus being on the benefit to society. This could be particularly true e.g. for people with side of meat as a second language or who follow a religious faith. However, Beistek would agree with Kant in promoting self-determination.A key theme ladder throughout this essay is respect for the individual person as a self determining being. Both Kant and Beistek promote this and therefore appear to be the social philosophical models best tailored towards social work values and ethics. There are clear conflicts between traditional social work and the personalisation agenda for people with disabilities. These conflicts have been reduced with the introduction of HCPC ethics. If the social worker consistently uses these theories whilst working with conflict and challenging service users then the BASW ethics will be maintained and the service users will re ceive the best appropriate service available within Fair access to care criteria.

Features and Benefits of Skype

Features and Benefits of SkypeIntroduction of Skype ( give tongue to integrated discourse)Skype is the more or less popular communication tool redevelopment in the world. The skype service comes with application software and softph whizz which suit the application so normally umteen people think that skype just only provide software which force the intimately service which they provide. The service in any case provide exhaust or paid service with different kinds of computer program which stern be hire in skype as paid service include more features. The unleash service only provide connect with new(prenominal)wise skype rehearsers darn early(a) premium plans include the ability to bode from skype to landlines across the worlds as well as own a skype dial-in number so that landline biders crowd out reach us on your computer. Skype has cutout quite a numbers of barriers to the communication system which it is due to poor connection exploiter for the net income traf fic, while in the early stage we needed to take particular supervise of the minutes and seconds we spend speaking on international calls which end up is overprice spending, but now we no longer need to devil about it. If you are use pc to pc chatting, you go away non paying a single cent in the skype throw overboard line more than just your monthly meshwork service billing. Skype is utilize the desegregation of verbalise and instant messaging service to pour forth to each other which delivering clear and high quality calls over the internet. Requirement tools for using skype is beddid few things, a computer with decent processing speed and memory which must have keyboard and mouse in your system, a high-end speed internet connection like boardband, sound card that speaker or earpieces is in working condition and last thing skype software which is freely downloadable in the main website. People use skype mainly for the high quality of voice it provide and also because it provide free service for pc to pc talk. We around the world use skype for several things such as long-distance call communicate with family,friends and loved ones,for concern calls or long-distance conferences and also cheaper calls during our traveling and ETCThe features and strength/weaknesses of skypeSkype has a lot of interesting features which rouse be use like video call or conferencing, SMS, voicemail, instant messaging, call forwarding, skype to skype interface, business control panel, contacts and many others. For free plan skype only include most feature using like instant messaging and skype to skype calls by means of skype study but for paid plan it cover most features in free plan and plus include call phone and mobile, displace sms to other phone which can be done using either pc or softphone which usable with skypeStrength weaknessNowadays, skype work in the nicety of networks and recent technology which overcome it strength and weakness. For its good po int because it allow us manage to have a lot more tractableness and more better voices which overcome the problems cause by poor call quality and other interrupting issue which cause by noise in the telephone line and what the weakness about skype because it stops most accounts in skype drug users from being able to communicate with other open source networks that relations with communication softwareAnd other main reason is that when you are using low-connection internet or keep receiving poor signal while in the skype conference, the application in the skype has some clever programming managing tool to synopsis the problem try to prefix it and get your call smoothly through the calls. The program tool has the most important ability to dynamically tilt and fix in the codec in use to the call to suit the network conditions strength. Sometime we will also encounter packet loss during the sending of data which cause alot of times waiting for the busy line to be stable to send out the data to one and other using skypeThe problems skype trying to addressThey need to improving its identity authentication process. This is one of the part skype trying to further expansion into the business market to sharpen username authentication for business customers.Skype also encounter security bug that could bust value and useful data to hacker. Most users could let an hacker fashioning a Skype hyperlink which the users clicked on it, it will sends a file from the victims computer to another Skype user.One of the most problem they address is that hackers tend to control a users pc without the admin promission which cause alots of value data being known. An hacker could go the user pc by programming or uploading a limited link and AD-popup a user to click on it. The hacker can also be exploited when sending some annoying information from a malformed electronic business card or Vcard.critically evaluate Skype and future trendsScalable Skype PBX/PABX GatewaysFEATURES BENEFITSCompany now can talk or chat over on skype for free and Skype-Out for low-cost call without PC cause they provide Skype-In static numbers for local calls to users and Skype-Web calls for user with free plan service . Using Companys phones to make a simple calls by prefix-handle service and smart PhoneBook . . Directly connect to PBX/PABX program using Plug Play format which only took 10 minute, also by using the program Sky-Grid System to conjure up the total talent storage can save more money and with the better arrangement Control to make MIS/Call-Management job more easierThey also provide resolving the issues of Bandwidth Information Security by independent xDSL and monitor the status by VNC Web-Administration or Telnet Control.Reference from http//eshop.spin3d.com.tw/images/Scalable%20Skype%20PBX%20Gateway.pdfOpen source freeswitch added into skypeThis is the new paper bag device which called freeswitch, is the first open source freeswitch will enable user or orgamnisation to intregrate skype into their Voip and platform services. For the first time, developers will have a free usage which include high-performance voice switching platform that can tie Skype clients into nearly every other major VoIP platform on the market today. Aside which we extending high definition voice across the networks, freeswitch will enable developers to build Skype integration into telephone applications, such as VoIP-enabled IVRs. Skype upgrade not only change the platform to freeswitch but also added in nurse for one of the most popular telephone engines (open phone layer) which gives freeswitch support for 323 clients and devices which also brings another venue for SIP support. Skype also working towards tighter integration with the platforms, the skype for asterisk is a prototype to allows interoperability between skype and asterisk. Which offer better voice quality, allow users to place and receive calls without any cumbersome workaround, provide ships company ID and retrieving skype credit balance information control panel that user can accessReference from http//blogs.zdnet.com/Greenfield/?p=353

Prototype Modeling of Smart Grid Technology at Ciit Lahore

exemplification baby-siting of shiny motive great ability gridironiron Technology at Ciit LahoreCHAPTER 1 entrance TO clean GRID1.1 Introduction1.1.1 DefinitionThe happy grid governing body is coarse collection of technologies to issue an electrical goose egg communicate having the ability to top the major issues related to reliability, be payoffiveness of electric ability and decentralisation or grid dependencyThe smart grid engineering implement renewable talent ancestors transferred electrical vigor towards substance abuser side with the concept of consolidation of renewable cipher sources.1.1.2 Why shiny cater arrangement Technology chooseThe consider of electrical ability is gaind so much by the going of sequence, which creates few major problems related to conventional electrical get-up-and-go network. By 2020 zilch want go bulge out be doubled from the collapse gather up 1. apt grid is the result of such(prenominal) efforts which be performed to cast availability of electricity more(prenominal)(prenominal) than reliable, economical and user friendly with the concept of decentralized network receivable to two way dialogue of electricity through network2.The architectural model of a twenty-first century world antecedent dodge that interconnects e precise integrity to affordable, abundant, clean, reliable, and competent electricity any snip, anyw here(predicate). The purpose of chichi Grid is overly to integrate some(prenominal) renewable resources with our national Grid and enhances the competency reliability and thuslyce providing a difficulty free Transmission of electric ply. It withal contributes to reduce carbon paper emissions and providing a pollution free environment.1.2 Back Ground1.2.1 The European education in the Area of Smart GridIn the next trine decades European member state bequeath expend astir(predicate) 750 hotshot million million in forefinger root word. This substance ordain expend on propagation and networks. The European Technology plate form was substantial in 2005 to crystalize the problems of net income Owners, opearned run numbertors and users3.1.2.2 Smart Grid Development in ground forcesIn USA the Smart grid developments initiated during first Bush Administration4. In 2002 a push study out keys the hundred of million of Dollar spent In US business office bodys on transmission practices and results a proposal of spin of transform national electricity grid upto2030 providing the scoop out and secure transmission of electricity5.1.2.3 Smart Grid Development in AustraliaUnder the qualification transform Flagship the brainy Grid Program was launched on 19 Aug, 2008. This Program researched in the palm of Control methodologies and economic modeling for distributed extension, Social impact of wakeless grid, virgin ho development developments and micro grids6.1.3 Design Description1.3.1 Features of Smart GridT he most(prenominal) grand features of Smart Grid Technology atomic number 18 integrating of renewable SourcesBattery store optionProvide electric power to two(prenominal) AC and DC ladenAdvance Monitoring1.3.2 Proposed methodological digest high uper up figure shows proto fictitious character modeling of smart grid corpse at micro direct a farseeing with the integration of several renewable verve resources such as meek travel plant and solar bloodsheds. The prop accountants argon special dodges use for the purpose to control the uncivil modify in electric potential and stop the reverse lam of reliable towards PV or raise turbine remainss, and besides control the charging and discharging of batteries.An integrator is as well as wiz of the most important atoms of our purpose. The exercise of this device to integrate powers from both sinew sources in a way that during operating clock of the sources lots impart immediately get power from these source s and at dark or the time when these sources be not operating loads be facilitated through outpouring deposes.1.4 Advantages of Smart GridA. Motivates and Includes the ConsumerSmart Grid is a end user device it motivates the consumer to generate a free source of electricity and to utilize it in household appliances when electricity from Grid is not open.B. Provides Power shade for 21st Century NeedsIt bids power free of disturbance, sags, interruptions and spikes.C. Markets Opport unitiesSmart grid supports efficiency marts that encourage both investment and innovation.D. Operates Efficiently and Optimizes AssetsSmart grid is easy to install infrastructure, transmit more power through active arrangings and optimizes intimately with set up grid.E. Reduction in re lay of power infrastructureWhen renewable brawniness sources atomic number 18 infuse into the power grid, end-use demands open fire be familiarised to available power supplies. The ability to manage and r educe peak demands demolishes the select for courtly peaking and just-in-case power infrastructure.F. Reduced use of polluting plants well-nigh existing powerplants be not environment friendly which is adversely affecting the environment or so us. Smart grid tail end resurrect pollution free genesis of electricity.G. b ar power securities industryDuring serious air pollution alerts, power plants and massive industries sometimes shut down. Smart Grid ensures you clean power options.H. zipper storageSmart Grid is too fitted out(p) with onslaught comforter options which not only stores faculty as well as used as grid shock absorbers as well.I. Integrate able with capacity Resources and Storage OptionsThe transcription also enables plug-and-play inter company to multiple brawniness resources and storage devices (e.g. solar, finish up, barrage storage, etcetera)1.5 outline Introduction to chaptersChapter 2This chapter is a survey name nigh renewable thrust sou rces. Also wind and solar characteristics of Pakistan ar devoted up in this chapter. try and subscribe snap also discussed in this chapter.Chapter 3This chapter is somewhat PV system. Complete introduction and display cases of PV system argon discussed also a bandoned here the architecture model of PV system with design description. And the experimental set also mentioned in this chapter.Chapter 4This chapter defines the wind turbine specifications. Chapter starts from introduction then register discussed and by and byward that design description is completely described. The experimental values also given up in this chapter with advantages and drawbacks of wind turbine technology.Chapter 5This chapter covers the remaining portion of smart grid technology. initiative of all integrator is discussed with design after that air controller and power inverters also discussed with at that place design and rotaryry.CHAPTER 2 literary yields retrospectContents terra firma enormous Survey of renewable EnergyDemand Supply Gap in PakistanDepletion in Oil and atom smasherEnergy Sources in Pakistan flex Energysolar Energy2.1 World Wide Survey of Renewable EnergyRenewable zilch has an inherent percentage in world push button extension. So umteen an early(a)(prenominal) an separate(prenominal) projects atomic number 18 low consideration regarding to renewable energy.2.1.1 Global Status ReportThis report describes the market instruct, investment and targets as well as policies. The report doesnt describe analysis or conclusions, though it reveals some extra ordinary facts regarding the renewable energy . By the end of 2005 only 45 countries were included in the deed of renewable energy targets which atomic number 18 plusd up to 76 in 2009. According to this report last form was the best era for renewable energy. Capacity in ontogenesis countries grew to 119GW, or 43% of the number.Including Pakistan and magnolia s ignite or more than 8-0 c ountries has started plantation of wind power plants at technical measures7. Some achievements of the year 2008 beIn just 1 year the capacity of solar photovoltaic plants tripled to 3 GW from 200 KW.Wind power by 29% and solar hot water increased by 15%.Grid machine-accessible photovoltaic systems increased up to 13GW, wind energy grew up to 250%, 121GW and fit power generation capacity from renewable energy boost up to 75%.Spain becomes the super power in the athletic field of grid committed PV systems with inclusion of 2.6GW. Germany also takes some clever go and added 1,5GW in their system.Some other developed countries also provide crowing contributions like USA(3ooMW), Italy ( 300MW) , South Korea ( 270MW) and Japan (240MW) appreciateively . in total 16GW is the generation of solar including off-grid by 2009 worldwide. tabular array2.1 Energy Added and Exists in 2009-20102.2 Demand Supply gap in PakistanIf we give a look at demand add interpret then we will come to know that the battle betwixt demand and issue is becoming wider and wider by the passage of time .the scenario in 3rd world countries is in all discriminated e.g. Pakistan. Needs argon increase exponentially but we are desperately lacking in determination out a good solution. if we bring in an eye escort we whitethorn observe 3 reasons of demand supply gap.Increase in prices of cover and spoil , increase in population and increase in address of energy .2.2.1 Energy DemandWith the increase in population energy requirements are also increasing. All the industry and the business of our daily take in hooklike upon electricity .2.2.2 Energy SupplyCurrent eras total fruit of energy does not run across the online requirement of energy , though the end results are critical in the sense of increase in demand supply gap . Serious steps are mandatory to be2.2.3 Energy costIf we have eye view on last few decades we will come to see the highlighted lessening in the reserves of oil and natural gas, which causes the increase in the cost of per unit drudgery of electricity. This is also the reason of widening the demand supply gap.2.2.4 Sustainability takeThe systems which are to be used for the generation of electricity must be stable, but unfortunately we have not surety of sustainability level of present system and the graph is gradually diminish according to our present and succeeding(a) demands . This decrease in sustainability may overcome by using flashary techniques.2.3 Depletion in oil and gasA round meter of electricity is being produced by dodo fuels and the present value of electricity generated by fossil fuels is increasing. According to the European energy commission and worldwide energy the present reservoirs of oil and gas are not decent passable to meet the prospective requirements. so as the result after 10-12 eld we have the depletion in the percentage of Oil using for the generation of electricity as shown in fig 2.2.As fro m the above it is apparent that from 1930 to one word till 2010 on that headspring is continuous growth in both oil and gas reserves but after 2010 there is plentiful-bodied declined. If the above graph follows the same pattern there is mount future we will be totally dependent upon alternates of energy generation.2.4 susceptibility SOURCES IN PAKISTANThe primary energy supplies to twenty-four hours are not copious to meet even the present demand. More, a very sizeable minute of music of unpolished land does not have the electricity facilities because they are as well big-ticket(prenominal) to be connected to the national grid. So, Pakistan like other developing countries in the region is facing a severe challenge in energy deficit. The development of renewable energy sources jakes play an important function in meeting such challenge.If we see around yourself Pakistan best suits for solar (PV, thermal), water, wind and Wastes. These are the best renewable sources and Pakistan doesnt lack these. Pakistan idler b benefited from these as substitute energy in theater of operationss where these renewable sources exist.Renewable energyfogy fuelsNuclear power2.4.1 Renewable energyIt is energy which is produced by natural sources such as wind rain solar and geothermic heat.2.4.1.1 Types of renewable EnergyWindBiomasssolarWave and tidal geothermicThese all sources are best placed in Pakistan and we are not lacking in any at all , thus we can produce great make sense of energy using these renewable sources , Capturing renewable energy by animals , plants and humans does not permanently beat the resource. Fossil fuels are renewable but on a very long time-scale, are exploited at rates that may use up these resources in the near future.2.4.2 Fossil FuelsIt includes natural gas, oil and coal . fossil fuels are lacking in Pakistan as well the world thereof renewable sources are needed to meet th essential ask2.5 Wind EnergyWind energy is one of the b est of renewable sources and likely suits Pakistan atmosphere at peak. As our project is related to wind energy as well. In Pakistan wind energy projects are work low the Pakistan Meteorological Dept with the financial collaboration of Ministry of Science and Technology which are accomplishing many such projects in Pakistan.About 3% of the total Pakistans land area is termed as good to ex electric cubiclephoneent for utility scale production of electricity. Fig2.3. shows the variations of wind speeds in divers(prenominal) areas of PakistanAverage wind speed in Lahore is 3m/s as shown in Fig.2.4 . on that pointfore for the proto typeface smart Grid system, average wind speed must exceeds the theoretical values as given in10.2.6 solar energyIts one of the types of renewable energies, as in our project we are working on solar energy, in photovoltaic system solar carrels covert sun beam of light sickness to DC electricity. The body politics of Sindh , Punjab and Baluchistan an d the Thar relinquish are specially suited for the utilization of solar energy.The solar statistics in Pakistan is highly favourable for energy generation. According to Fig2.5. the South western province offers meliorate condition for utilization of solar energy. Since Pakistan locates near the equator so it has comparatively high UV mightiness as compared to other regions of the World.The solar characteristics graph in the Lahore region is shown in Fig. 2.6. Lahore city also offers suitable condition for harnessing solar energy The average sunshine hours lies between 7 to 8 hours per twenty-four hour period which is approximately 2700 hours per annually. Graph in Fig. 3 shows the UV index of Lahore during a day time in the month of April. Usually the radiation warmth has its utmost value at noon .And value of solar radiation r severallyes its uttermost value during the mid of spends.Chapter No 3photovoltaic constitutionContentsIntroduction to solar panelsHistory of PV sys temphotovoltaic electric kioskular telephonephone ArchitectureImplementation of PV systemBattery3.1 Introductionsolar cellphoneular telephone or photovoltaic cell is the device use to shift sunlight into electricity. It works on the basic principle of photovoltaic effect.3.1.1 photovoltaic effectWhen the photons of light falls on the semiconductor stuff. The photons try to apricot the electrons from the conductivity bands. As the energy gap between valence and conductivity band increases and when a adequate summation of energy is projected by the light photons .the electrons knocked out from their respective atom and started to move freely. These free electrons moves towards n-side and holes created due to the lack of electrons in this region moves towards p-side to recombine themselves .This going away of potential allows the flow of current.The PV cell absorbs incoming light photons in p-type. This p-type layer should be synchronized in such a way that it can absorb as many as photons possible and set free as many as electrons possible, to admit a radiant flow of current.In clubhouse to make and efficient flow solar cell , the surface of the cell should be kept rough to maximize the absorption of photons spell condemnation should be minimized in this way maximum conduction can be achieved3.2 HistoryThe photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 at toll Laboratories. The first highly efficient solar cell was developed by Daryl Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald Pearson in year 1954 using a voiced atomic number 14 p-n junction. Firstly, cells were developed for toys and other minor uses, as the cost of their production was very high.Design of solar cells is improved day by day to utilize it for more applications. The applications for that solar panels are used are different and there are cardinal levels of generation3.2.1 First extensionFirst generation cells are single junction devices and they have large area also having high quality wi th decrease in production cost3.2.2 Second GenerationThese somatics are developed to address energy requirements and production cost. They reduce high temperature processing as vapour deposition, electroplating and ultrasonic nozzles.3.2.3 3rd GenerationThe aimof these technologies is to improve poor electrical mathematical operation of blink of an eye generation technologies with low production cost.3.3 Photovoltaic cell architectureA PV mental faculty consists of a ti cell .These cell are connected in serial publication or parallel manner in purchase ordinance to produce desired potentiality and current .Inside a PV cell a circuit is present that is sealed from the envoi metal protective lamination .A PV panel consists of one or more staffs joined together. Finally these panels are unite to make a single PV array which is a complete electricity producing unit.The performance of a PV array or its facultys is rated by its maximum throughput power chthonic S.T.C (Stan dard turn up Condition).STC is defined as when a PV modulecell is give-up the ghostd infra 25 C (77F), with an incident solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2 with the phantasmal dissemination of 1.5 air mass. These are the perfect condition for a PV module to plump in , but in actual the performance of a PV module is almost 80 to 90 percent of its STC rating.The operating living of a PV module is between 20 to 30 years .Most of the constructs offers guarantee of 20 or more years of its DC getup power to a sustainable amount .PV modules are also lice censed under (UL) fashioning seek for its reliability checks.3.3.1 Types of Solar cellNow a days there are various types of cell materials are developed. Multi junction PV cellsare do in order to increase the cell efficiency while decreasing its strength and weight. But they are far more costly then an ordinary silicon cells.The maximum efficiency of a PV cell is achieved almost to 30 percent by doping different intrinsic mate rial together .Example of the exotic materials are Gallium arsenide and Indium serenade etc. notwithstanding silicon cells are the most common and widely used PV cells.There are three major types of Silicon cellunstructured silicon solar Cell or Thin Film CellMono- vaporous WafersPoly crystallized Cell amorphous Silicon Solar Cell uncrystallised technology is often seen in clear devices, such as those in tend lamps or calculators, although amorphous panels are also increasingly used in other larger applications. They are formed by depositing a subjugate film of silicon onto a sheet of different material such as steel. The panel formed as one piece and separately cell is not as patent as in other types.Efficiency of an amorphous solar cell is between 6 and 8%. The Lifetime of an amorphous cell is however shorter than that of crystalline cell. Amorphous cells have current density of about 15 mA/cm2,and the voltage of the cell without any connected load is 0.8 V, which is more a s compared to crystalline cells. The efficiency of amorphous solar panels is low as those do from somebody solar cells, although improvement has been made over recent years to a point where they can be use as a hardheaded alternate to panels made with crystalline cells.Crystalline silicon solar cellThe maximum efficiency of silicon solar cell is around 23 %, by adding some other semi-conductor materials it can increase up to 30 %, it depends on wavelength and semiconductor material being used. Crystalline solar cells are made up of wafers like stuff, which has about 0.3 mm thick and diam of 10 to 15 cm. They can generate approximately 35 mA of current per cm2 of area at voltage of about 550 mV at full illumination.Crystalline solar cells can be wired in series or parallel to produce a solar panel. As each cell produces a voltage of between 0.5 and 0.6 Volts, 36 cells equipped in series are needed to produce an open-circuit voltage of about 20 Volts. This is teeming to charge a 12 Volt barrage under certain conditions. Although the efficiency of mono-crystalline cells is slightly higher as compared to that of a crystalline cells, but there are some practical difference in their performance. Crystalline cells have longer lifetime than that of amorphous solar cells.In our project we have used crystalline silicon cell because they are more efficient yet lesser in volume as compared to other types of solar cell, easily available in market and it is more economical.Polycrystalline CellPolycrystalline silicon, also called poly silicon , consists of small silicon crystals of Polycrystalline cells which can be recognized by a visible grain, a metal flake effect. Semiconductor print (solar grade) polycrystalline silicon then form to single crystal silicon, that is promiscuously associated crystallites of silicon in polycrystalline silicon are converted to a large single crystal11. Single crystal silicon is used in manufacture most of Si- found microelectronic d evices. Polycrystalline silicon can be available up to 99.9999% pure.3.4 Implementation of PV system3.4.1 Types of PV systemThere are three types of PV system being implemented around the world depending upon its function and integration with other energy resources.Standalone PV systemGrid Connected PV system crossing SystemsStand alone PV systemThis type of system is normally present in our wrist watches, calculators and in space crafts also. These are dependent totally on its self generated power through solar panels and are in a flash used by DC loads or AC loads through inverter.In some system assault and shelling lingo is also available to store the unused power to facilitate loads during night or under low light conditions.Further more a charge controller is also necessitate in order to keep off battery from over charging and deep discharging. An inverter is also employed to provide power to AC loads.Grid Connected PV systemIn grid connected type the PV module has also b acked up with WAPDA line or Grid connection. In this way if load is not get enough power from the PV module or its battery, it will switch to the WAPDA line. This type of system is most commonly used around the World. Its applications are free-base generally in small industries and homes.Hybrid SystemIn this type the PV system is also integrated with two or more type of energy resources which may or may not be renewable resources .For exemplification a wind turbine, steam engine or a small hydro plant etc. Other energy sources can also be integrated depending upon climate, geographical location of the place and several other perspectives. These systems are more appropriate for remote applications such as troops installation, communication stations and rural villages.3.4.2 Design MethodologyOur project is based on a Hybrid System Consisting of a PV module and a aerogenerator as two renewable energy resources, we have elect these sources retentiveness in mind the climate and te rrain of Lahore.3.4.2.1 Components of Photovoltaic systemSolar cell PanelInverterCharge ControllerBatteriesIntegratorThe major component of our system is the integrator .The function of this device is to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will at a time get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks. A controller is placed in the integrator circuit that is incessantly observe the voltage level being provided by the sources. If the load can operate single handed by either of the sources the rely will reconstruct its connection from load with that source while the energy generated by the second source is being stored in the batteries .If both sources are required to earn a certain load rely opens up its connection of both sources with the load.When both sources are not providing a decent amount of power to the loads the controlle r will check whether batteries could provide sufficient amount of voltage so, it will start delivering power to load from the battery bank otherwise an LED blinks indicating that system cannot provide sufficient amount of power and will shutdown eventually.3.4.2.2 Solar Panel Characteristics hedge 3.1. Solar Panel Characteristics3.4.2.3 Experimental ValuesThis table shows the experimental results of widening voltage and output current with respect to different timings and temperature variations in a day.Table 3.2. Solar Panel Throughput3.4.2.4 Factors Affecting turnout PowerSTC(Standard Test Condition)The electricity produce by solar cell is in DC, the DC output of solar panel is Tested under the STC that isCell Temperature= 25CSolar Radiation Intensity= 1000 W/m2.. stress crowd together= 1.5These are the standard test condition at which Solar cell gives its Maximum Efficiency, in other conditions there is almost 10 to 15 percent of decrease in the efficiency of cell with respect to its STC rating.TemperatureOutput power of the solar cell is inversely proportion to the increase in temperature of the cell. For a crystalline module , a typical temperature reduction grammatical constituent proposed by CEC is 89 percent which means 95 watts module will typically provide 85 Watts (95watts*0.89=85watts) under sunlight conditions during summer seasons. couple and wiring LossesThe performance of the system can be moved(p) due to mismatch of module connections. The loss in power also depends upon the increase in length of wire between source and load. As the distance between source and load increases losses also increases. thence the distance should be kept minimal to get maximum power throughput.DC To AC conversion LossesSince our system picture Modeling of Smart Grid Technology at Ciit LahorePrototype Modeling of Smart Grid Technology at Ciit LahoreCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO SMART GRID1.1 Introduction1.1.1 DefinitionThe smart grid system is vast collection of tec hnologies to provide an electricity network having the ability to solve the major issues related to reliability, cost effectiveness of electric power and decentralization or grid dependencyThe smart grid technology using renewable energy sources transferred electricity towards user side with the concept of integration of renewable energy sources.1.1.2 Why Smart Grid Technology AdoptedThe demand of electricity is increased so much by the passage of time, which creates some major problems related to conventional electricity network. By 2020 energy demand will be doubled from the present demand 1. Smart grid is the result of such efforts which are performed to make availability of electricity more reliable, economical and user friendly with the concept of decentralized network due to two way communication of electricity through network2.The Architectural model of a 21st century power system that interconnects everyone to affordable, abundant, clean, reliable, and efficient electricity anytime, anywhere. The purpose of Smart Grid is also to integrate several renewable resources with our national Grid and enhances the efficiency reliability and thus providing a hassle free Transmission of electric power. It also contributes to reduce carbon emissions and providing a pollution free environment.1.2 Back Ground1.2.1 The European Development in the Area of Smart GridIn the next three decades European member state will expend about 750 billion in power infrastructure. This amount will expend on generation and networks. The European Technology plate form was developed in 2005 to solve the problems of Network Owners, operators and users3.1.2.2 Smart Grid Development in USAIn USA the Smart grid developments initiated during first Bush Administration4. In 2002 a DOE study describes the hundred of million of Dollar spent In US power systems on transmission practices and results a proposal of construction of transformed national electricity grid upto2030 providing the best an d secure transmission of electricity5.1.2.3 Smart Grid Development in AustraliaUnder the Energy Transformed Flagship the Intelligent Grid Program was launched on 19 Aug, 2008. This Program researched in the fields of Control methodologies and economic modeling for distributed generation, Social impact of Intelligent grid, New housing developments and micro grids6.1.3 Design Description1.3.1 Features of Smart GridThe most important features of Smart Grid Technology areIntegration of Renewable SourcesBattery Storage optionProvide electric power to both AC and DC loadsAdvance Monitoring1.3.2 Proposed MethodologyAbove figure shows prototype modeling of smart grid system at micro level along with the integration of several renewable energy resources such as small wind plant and solar panels. The charge controllers are special devices used for the purpose to control the abrupt change in voltage and stop the reverse flow of current towards PV or wind turbine systems, and also control the c harging and discharging of batteries.An integrator is also one of the most important components of our project. The function of this device to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will directly get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks.1.4 Advantages of Smart GridA. Motivates and Includes the ConsumerSmart Grid is a end user device it motivates the consumer to generate a free source of electricity and to utilize it in household appliances when electricity from Grid is not available.B. Provides Power Quality for 21st Century NeedsIt provides power free of disturbance, sags, interruptions and spikes.C. Markets OpportunitiesSmart grid supports energy markets that encourage both investment and innovation.D. Operates Efficiently and Optimizes AssetsSmart grid is easy to install infrastructure, transmit more power through existing syste ms and optimizes easily with present grid.E. Reduction in cost of power infrastructureWhen renewable energy sources are infused into the power grid, end-use demands can be adjusted to available power supplies. The ability to manage and reduce peak demands demolishes the need for expensive peaking and just-in-case power infrastructure.F. Reduced use of polluting plantsSome existing powerplants are not environment friendly which is adversely affecting the environment around us. Smart grid can produce pollution free generation of electricity.G. Clean power marketDuring serious air pollution alerts, power plants and heavy industries sometimes shut down. Smart Grid ensures you clean power options.H. Energy storageSmart Grid is also equipped with battery backup options which not only stores energy also used as grid shock absorbers as well.I. Integrate able with Energy Resources and Storage OptionsThe system also enables plug-and-play interconnection to multiple energy resources and stora ge devices (e.g. solar, wind, battery storage, etc.)1.5 Brief Introduction to chaptersChapter 2This chapter is a survey report about renewable energy sources. Also wind and solar characteristics of Pakistan are given in this chapter. Supply and Demand gap also discussed in this chapter.Chapter 3This chapter is about PV system. Complete introduction and types of PV system are discussed also given here the architecture model of PV system with design description. And the experimental values also mentioned in this chapter.Chapter 4This chapter defines the wind turbine specifications. Chapter starts from introduction then history discussed and after that design description is completely described. The experimental values also given in this chapter with advantages and drawbacks of wind turbine technology.Chapter 5This chapter covers the remaining portion of smart grid technology. First of all integrator is discussed with design after that charge controller and power inverters also discuss ed with there design and circuitry.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE SURVEYContentsWorld Wide Survey of Renewable EnergyDemand Supply Gap in PakistanDepletion in Oil and GasEnergy Sources in PakistanWind EnergySolar Energy2.1 World Wide Survey of Renewable EnergyRenewable energy has an essential contribution in world energy generation. So many projects are under consideration regarding to renewable energy.2.1.1 Global Status ReportThis report describes the market condition, investment and targets as well as policies. The report doesnt describe analysis or conclusions, though it reveals some extra ordinary facts regarding the renewable energy . By the end of 2005 only 45 countries were included in the achievement of renewable energy targets which are increased up to 76 in 2009. According to this report last year was the best era for renewable energy. Capacity in developing countries grew to 119GW, or 43% of the total.Including Pakistan and magnolia less or more than 8-0 countries has started plant ation of wind power plants at commercial measures7. Some achievements of the year 2008 areIn just 1 year the capacity of solar photovoltaic plants tripled to 3 GW from 200 KW.Wind power by 29% and solar hot water increased by 15%.Grid connected photovoltaic systems increased up to 13GW, wind energy grew up to 250%, 121GW and total power generation capacity from renewable energy boost up to 75%.Spain becomes the super power in the field of grid connected PV systems with inclusion of 2.6GW. Germany also takes some handy steps and added 1,5GW in their system.Some other developed countries also provide large contributions like USA(3ooMW), Italy ( 300MW) , South Korea ( 270MW) and Japan (240MW) respectively . in total 16GW is the generation of solar including off-grid by 2009 worldwide.Table2.1 Energy Added and Exists in 2009-20102.2 Demand Supply gap in PakistanIf we give a look at demand supply graph then we will come to know that the difference between demand and supply is becoming wi der and wider by the passage of time .the scenario in 3rd world countries is totally discriminated e.g. Pakistan. Needs are increasing exponentially but we are desperately lacking in finding out a good solution. if we have an eye view we may find 3 reasons of demand supply gap.Increase in prices of oil and gas , increase in population and increase in cost of energy .2.2.1 Energy DemandWith the increase in population energy requirements are also increasing. All the industry and the production of our daily need in dependent upon electricity .2.2.2 Energy SupplyCurrent eras total production of energy does not meet the current requirement of energy , though the end results are critical in the sense of increase in demand supply gap . Serious steps are needed to be2.2.3 Energy costIf we have eye view on last few decades we will come to see the highlighted reduction in the reserves of oil and natural gas, which causes the increase in the cost of per unit production of electricity. This is also the reason of widening the demand supply gap.2.2.4 Sustainability levelThe systems which are to be used for the generation of electricity must be stable, but unfortunately we have not surety of sustainability level of present system and the graph is gradually decreasing according to our present and future demands . This decrease in sustainability may overcome by using alternative techniques.2.3 Depletion in oil and gasA large amount of electricity is being produced by fossil fuels and the present value of electricity generated by fossil fuels is increasing. According to the European energy commission and International energy the present reservoirs of oil and gas are not sufficient enough to meet the future requirements. so as the result after 10-12 years we have the depletion in the percentage of Oil using for the generation of electricity as shown in fig 2.2.As from the above it is obvious that from 1930 to one word till 2010 there is continuous growth in both oil and gas rese rves but after 2010 there is deep declined. If the above graph follows the same pattern there is near future we will be totally dependent upon alternates of energy generation.2.4 ENERGY SOURCES IN PAKISTANThe primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the present demand. More, a very large part of rural area does not have the electricity facilities because they are too expensive to be connected to the national grid. So, Pakistan like other developing countries in the region is facing a severe challenge in energy deficit. The development of renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting such challenge.If we see around yourself Pakistan best suits for Solar (PV, thermal), water, wind and Wastes. These are the best renewable sources and Pakistan doesnt lack these. Pakistan can b benefited from these as substitute energy in areas where these renewable sources exist.Renewable energyFossil fuelsNuclear power2.4.1 Renewable energyIt is energy which is produce d by natural sources such as wind rain solar and geothermal heat.2.4.1.1 Types of renewable EnergyWindBiomassSolarWave and tidalGeothermalThese all sources are best placed in Pakistan and we are not lacking in any at all , thus we can produce great amount of energy using these renewable sources , Capturing renewable energy by animals , plants and humans does not permanently deplete the resource. Fossil fuels are renewable but on a very long time-scale, are exploited at rates that may deplete these resources in the near future.2.4.2 Fossil FuelsIt includes natural gas, oil and coal . fossil fuels are lacking in Pakistan as well the world therefore renewable sources are needed to meet th essential needs2.5 Wind EnergyWind energy is one of the best of renewable sources and probably suits Pakistan atmosphere at peak. As our project is related to wind energy as well. In Pakistan wind energy projects are working under the Pakistan Meteorological Dept with the financial collaboration of Mi nistry of Science and Technology which are accomplishing many such projects in Pakistan.About 3% of the total Pakistans land area is termed as good to excellent for utility scale production of electricity. Fig2.3. shows the variations of wind speeds in different areas of PakistanAverage wind speed in Lahore is 3m/s as shown in Fig.2.4 . Therefore for the prototype smart Grid system, average wind speed must exceeds the theoretical values as given in10.2.6 Solar energyIts one of the types of renewable energies, as in our project we are working on solar energy, in photovoltaic system solar cells covert sun radiation to DC electricity. The provinces of Sindh , Punjab and Baluchistan and the Thar desert are specially suited for the utilization of solar energy.The solar statistics in Pakistan is highly favourable for energy generation. According to Fig2.5. the South western province offers perfect condition for utilization of solar energy. Since Pakistan locates near the equator so it has relatively high UV index as compared to other regions of the World.The solar characteristics graph in the Lahore region is shown in Fig. 2.6. Lahore city also offers suitable condition for harnessing solar energy The average sunlight hours lies between 7 to 8 hours per day which is approximately 2700 hours per annually. Graph in Fig. 3 shows the UV index of Lahore during a day time in the month of April. Usually the radiation intensity has its maximum value at noon .And value of solar radiation reaches its maximum value during the mid of summers.Chapter No 3PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMContentsIntroduction to solar panelsHistory of PV systemPhotovoltaic Cell ArchitectureImplementation of PV systemBattery3.1 IntroductionSolar cell or photovoltaic cell is the device use to convert sunlight into electricity. It works on the basic principle of photovoltaic effect.3.1.1 Photovoltaic effectWhen the photons of light falls on the semiconductor material. The photons try to knockout the electrons from the conduction bands. As the energy gap between valence and conduction band increases and when a sufficient amount of energy is projected by the light photons .the electrons knocked out from their respective atom and started to move freely. These free electrons moves towards n-side and holes created due to the deficiency of electrons in this region moves towards p-side to recombine themselves .This difference of potential allows the flow of current.The PV cell absorbs incoming light photons in p-type. This p-type layer should be synchronized in such a way that it can absorb as many as photons possible and set free as many as electrons possible, to make a radiant flow of current.In order to make and efficient flow solar cell , the surface of the cell should be kept rough to maximize the absorption of photons while reflection should be minimized in this way maximum conduction can be achieved3.2 HistoryThe photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 at Bell Laboratories. The first highly efficient solar cell was developed by Daryl Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald Pearson in year 1954 using a diffused silicon p-n junction. Firstly, cells were developed for toys and other minor uses, as the cost of their production was very high.Design of solar cells is improved day by day to utilize it for more applications. The applications for that solar panels are used are different and there are three levels of generation3.2.1 First GenerationFirst generation cells are single junction devices and they have large area also having high quality with reduction in production cost3.2.2 Second GenerationThese materials are developed to address energy requirements and production cost. They reduce high temperature processing as vapour deposition, electroplating and Ultrasonic nozzles.3.2.3 Third GenerationThe aimof these technologies is to improve poor electrical performance of second generation technologies with low production cost.3.3 Photovoltaic cell architectureA PV module co nsists of a silicon cell .These cell are connected in series or parallel manner in order to produce desired voltage and current .Inside a PV cell a circuit is present that is sealed from the envoi metal protective lamination .A PV panel consists of one or more modules joined together. Finally these panels are combined to make a single PV array which is a complete electricity producing unit.The performance of a PV array or its modules is rated by its maximum throughput power under S.T.C (Standard Test Condition).STC is defined as when a PV modulecell is operated under 25 C (77F), with an incident solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2 with the spectral distribution of 1.5 air mass. These are the perfect condition for a PV module to operate in , but in actual the performance of a PV module is almost 80 to 90 percent of its STC rating.The operating lifetime of a PV module is between 20 to 30 years .Most of the manufactures offers warranty of 20 or more years of its DC output power to a sustain able amount .PV modules are also lice censed under (UL) qualification test for its reliability checks.3.3.1 Types of Solar CellNow a days there are various types of cell materials are developed. Multi junction PV cellsare made in order to increase the cell efficiency while decreasing its volume and weight. But they are far more expensive then an ordinary silicon cells.The maximum efficiency of a PV cell is achieved almost to 30 percent by doping different intrinsic material together .Example of the exotic materials are Gallium arsenide and Indium serenade etc. However silicon cells are the most common and widely used PV cells.There are three major types of Silicon cellAmorphous silicon solar Cell or Thin Film CellMono-crystalline WafersPoly crystalline CellAmorphous Silicon Solar CellAmorphous technology is often seen in small devices, such as those in garden lamps or calculators, although amorphous panels are also increasingly used in other larger applications. They are formed by d epositing a thin film of silicon onto a sheet of different material such as steel. The panel formed as one piece and each cell is not as visible as in other types.Efficiency of an amorphous solar cell is between 6 and 8%. The Lifetime of an amorphous cell is however shorter than that of crystalline cell. Amorphous cells have current density of about 15 mA/cm2,and the voltage of the cell without any connected load is 0.8 V, which is more as compared to crystalline cells. The efficiency of amorphous solar panels is low as those made from individual solar cells, although improvement has been made over recent years to a point where they can be use as a practical alternative to panels made with crystalline cells.Crystalline silicon solar cellThe maximum efficiency of silicon solar cell is around 23 %, by adding some other semi-conductor materials it can increase up to 30 %, it depends on wavelength and semiconductor material being used. Crystalline solar cells are made up of wafers like stuff, which has about 0.3 mm thick and diameter of 10 to 15 cm. They can generate approximately 35 mA of current per cm2 of area at voltage of about 550 mV at full illumination.Crystalline solar cells can be wired in series or parallel to produce a solar panel. As each cell produces a voltage of between 0.5 and 0.6 Volts, 36 cells equipped in series are needed to produce an open-circuit voltage of about 20 Volts. This is enough to charge a 12 Volt battery under certain conditions. Although the efficiency of mono-crystalline cells is slightly higher as compared to that of a polycrystalline cells, but there are some practical difference in their performance. Crystalline cells have longer lifetime than that of amorphous solar cells.In our project we have used crystalline silicon cell because they are more efficient yet lesser in volume as compared to other types of solar cell, easily available in market and it is more economical.Polycrystalline CellPolycrystalline silicon, also called poly silicon , consists of small silicon crystals of Polycrystalline cells which can be recognized by a visible grain, a metal flake effect. Semiconductor grade (solar grade) polycrystalline silicon then form to single crystal silicon, that is randomly associated crystallites of silicon in polycrystalline silicon are converted to a large single crystal11. Single crystal silicon is used in manufacture most of Si-based microelectronic devices. Polycrystalline silicon can be available up to 99.9999% pure.3.4 Implementation of PV system3.4.1 Types of PV systemThere are three types of PV system being implemented around the world depending upon its function and integration with other energy resources.Standalone PV systemGrid Connected PV systemHybrid SystemsStand alone PV systemThis type of system is usually present in our wrist watches, calculators and in space crafts also. These are dependent totally on its self generated power through solar panels and are directly used by DC loads or AC loads through inverter.In some system battery bank is also available to store the unused power to facilitate loads during night or under low light conditions.Further more a charge controller is also required in order to avoid battery from over charging and deep discharging. An inverter is also employed to provide power to AC loads.Grid Connected PV systemIn grid connected type the PV module has also backed up with WAPDA line or Grid connection. In this way if load is not getting enough power from the PV module or its battery, it will switch to the WAPDA line. This type of system is most commonly used around the World. Its applications are found mostly in small industries and homes.Hybrid SystemIn this type the PV system is also integrated with two or more type of energy resources which may or may not be renewable resources .For example a wind turbine, steam engine or a small hydro plant etc. Other energy sources can also be integrated depending upon climate, geographical location of the place and several other perspectives. These systems are more appropriate for remote applications such as military installation, communication stations and rural villages.3.4.2 Design MethodologyOur project is based on a Hybrid System Consisting of a PV module and a windmill as two renewable energy resources, we have chosen these sources keeping in mind the climate and terrain of Lahore.3.4.2.1 Components of Photovoltaic systemSolar cell PanelInverterCharge ControllerBatteriesIntegratorThe major component of our system is the integrator .The function of this device is to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will directly get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks. A controller is placed in the integrator circuit that is continuously monitoring the voltage level being provided by the sources. If the load can operate single ha nded by either of the sources the rely will build its connection from load with that source while the energy generated by the second source is being stored in the batteries .If both sources are required to derive a certain load rely opens up its connection of both sources with the load.When both sources are not providing a sufficient amount of power to the loads the controller will check whether batteries could provide sufficient amount of voltage so, it will start delivering power to load from the battery bank otherwise an LED blinks indicating that system cannot provide sufficient amount of power and will shutdown eventually.3.4.2.2 Solar Panel CharacteristicsTable 3.1. Solar Panel Characteristics3.4.2.3 Experimental ValuesThis table shows the experimental results of output voltage and output current with respect to different timings and temperature variations in a day.Table 3.2. Solar Panel Throughput3.4.2.4 Factors Affecting Output PowerSTC(Standard Test Condition)The electricit y produce by solar cell is in DC, the DC output of solar panel is Tested under the STC that isCell Temperature= 25CSolar Radiation Intensity= 1000 W/m2..Air Mass= 1.5These are the standard test condition at which Solar cell gives its Maximum Efficiency, in other conditions there is almost 10 to 15 percent of decrease in the efficiency of cell with respect to its STC rating.TemperatureOutput power of the solar cell is inversely proportion to the increase in temperature of the cell. For a crystalline module , a typical temperature reduction factor proposed by CEC is 89 percent which means 95 watts module will typically provide 85 Watts (95watts*0.89=85watts) under sunlight conditions during summer seasons.Mismatch and wiring LossesThe performance of the system can be affected due to mismatch of module connections. The loss in power also depends upon the increase in length of wire between source and load. As the distance between source and load increases losses also increases. Therefor e the distance should be kept minimal to get maximum power throughput.DC To AC conversion LossesSince our system

The Good Earth Point of View :: Good Earth Essays

The Good Earth Point of status     The Good Earth is a third-per password narrative, but the recital it tells is Wang Lungs. Everything that happens is described as he experiences it and as it affects him. The narrator explains Wang Lungs thoughts and feelings but almost never those of separate characters. You understand them through their words and actions.   This is obviously a rather check carriage of telling a story. In staying strictly within Wang Lungs experience, the narrator cant be all-knowing. You might think that the novel could have been written in the first person, with Wang Lung as the I. But this hero is an uneducated, indeed an illiterate farmer, and if the story were told in his words the novel would be limited not nevertheless to his experiences but to his vocabulary. In using the third-person form the narrator has somewhat to a greater extent scope.   Yet the scope is quite limited. For example, when O-lan brings a bowl of tea to her hus wad on the first morning of their marriage, you know that she is afraid of him only because he sees the fear in her expression. Later you see that O-lan comes to trust her husband from the way that she goes about her work, taking her full share of the toil as an qualified factorner, and also from the way she offers advice to Wang Lung on the rare occasions when a crisis moves her to see her customary silence.   Just as the characters are described only as they affect Wang Lung, every event is told only as it relates to him. Drought, flood, locusts--all are part of the story only as they affect Wang Lung. Wars are fought all all over China and robber bands plunder and murder in the villages, but we escort of these dire events only as Wang Lung does. His uncle turns out to be a component of a notorious band of brigands. He learns that a robber band raided the House of Hwang during the famine. His cousin brings a band of soldiers into his house. He learns that his third son has become a high official in the revolution.

Drugs Essay -- essays papers

DrugsAn issue of individualised, local, and national concern that I would like to rivet in this essay is drugs. There are many reasons why I find drugs to be an issue of great importance to me. First, drugs is a personal issue to me. For most of my life, I agree been living in places where drugs have surrounded me. For the past ten years, I have been living in the Duncan Projects in Jersey City, where the temptation of selling, buying, or even victimization drugs seems to be growing every day. Every day I see aged(a) people and even young kids engaging in the act of buying, selling, and using drugs. I ask myself why do people get baffling in drugs is it because of a financial need? Sometimes people intend that having a lot of money makes them a success, but they are wrong. state also be...

A Comparison of Telling in Knight’s Tale and Miller’s Tale of Chaucers

The importance of  Telling in Knights Tale and Millers Tale   In the Canterbury Tales, the Knight begins the yarn-telling. Although straws were picked, and the order left to aventure, or cas, vex Bailey seems to have pushed fate. The Knight represents the highest caste in the social hierarchy of the 14th century, those who rule, those who pray, and those who work. Assuming that the worldly knight would tell the most entertaining and comprehensible story (that would shorten their pilgrimage to St. Thomas Becket), Harry tells the Knight to begin. The Knights tale of delight, loyalty, and battle is placed in the chivalric beg genre. The courtly romance concerns the mythical kingdom of Theseus, wealthy rulers, and pagan (mythical) gods. Throughout the tale, the Knight and the other characters refer to the concept of the wheel of fortune. In the beginning of the tale, weeping, broken women advance to Theseus to stand by them avenge their husbands. Although impoverished , they tell Theseus that they were all at one stain wealthy and of high rank. Even though Theseus is glorified and powerful now, the goddess bequeath spin the wheel of fortune and he will one day be low. The concept of destiny and the wheel of fortune represents the Knights let inance of an unexplained world. His inclusion of the mythical gods, Mars, Venus, Mercury, and Diana furthers this idea. Emily, Arcite, and Palamon each pray to a diety, asking for help and their unattainable wish. In the end, father Saturn decrees Arcites cobblers last. Thus, paradoxical human emotions and senseless tragedy are safely distanced they are attri stilled to the will of the pagan gods. Similarly the love triangle in the midst of Arcite, Palamon, and Emily stresses tha... ...night, the Millers characters are not moral or undecomposed they simply want to gratify themselves. While the Knights story ends with an honorable death and a union between lovers, the Millers tale ends with humiliatio n the cuckholded husband is brand insane, Absolom suffered and prank, and Nicolas a painful burn. Consequently the Miller mocks the Knights prayer. He wishes the company well, but the content of his tale expresses his laughter. In a way he give back the Knights tale. The Miller tells his tale momentarily to amuse and and embarrass (the pass through and his own cameo appearance), while the Knight tells a story strong on sentence or meaning. The two different motives reveal the fundamental differences between the two men the noble Knight can still opine in a higher beautiful world, while the Miller cannot accept it ever existed.