The Solid Agricultural Company Essay Example for Free

The Solid rude Company EssayThere argon at least as many styles of management as there are private instructors nevertheless, most management styles fall into one of a few broad categories. any(prenominal) managers style includes some means of making decisions and some means of relating to subordinates. Below are the five most common management styles.Autocratic Autocratic or authoritarian managers lead unilaterally. They string decisions based on their own opinions and experience without taking the opinions of subordinates into account. Although authoritarian managers do not dispose to be popular with employees, they make decisions quickly and efficiently. On the other hand, if an autocratic manager makes an error, the lack of input from others preserve make the consequences severe. Autocratic management tends to be successful in industries that rely on unskilled workers and commit plenty of turnover, such as food service and retail. Highly skilled and personally motivat ed employees tend to chafe under this type of management.consultatory Like autocratic managers, consultative managers make decisions more or less unilaterally. Unlike autocratic managers, these leaders prioritize communication with employees and take their studys into account alongside the needs of the backing. Consultative management still allows the manager to make decisions efficiently in addition, the emphasis on employee interaction tends to increase employee loyalty and reduce turnover. However, employees tend to become highly dependent on their manager. Consultative managers tend to be most successful in businesses that hope to retain employees for long periods of time. Many of the outdo office managers use this style.Persuasive Persuasive managers maintain control over every aspect of the business indirectly. Instead of giving orders, these managers operate by explaining why line of works need to be carried out in a certain way. Employees tend to feel more involved in t he decision-making process under this style nevertheless, crowning(prenominal) authority still rests with the manager alone. Persuasive management is a particularly useful style when intricate tasks need to be carried out in the workplace. However, managers who rely too heavily on explaining every task in detail whitethorn see their businesses slow to a crawl. elective While a glib manager explains every aspect of the decision-making process to his subordinates, a democratic manager actually includes his subordinates in the process. Democratic management relies heavily on two-way communication between management and employees. This style is particularly helpful when a decision requires specialized knowledge that the manager lacks for instance, when making an IT-related decision, a manager may need to ask an IT specialist for input. Including employees in decision-making tends to improve job satisfaction and reduce turnover. Relying on employee input for every decision, though, pot greatly reduce the efficiency of the business.Laissez-faire In a hands-off management style, the manager acts as a motivator, mentor and guide to his subordinates. Individual employees manage their own sections of the business with minimal supervision. maybe surprisingly, this management style demands the most personal skill from the manager If he can effectively transcend a strong vision for the business and guide his subordinates with broad expertise, a laissez-faire manager can bring out the best in his workers. Highly professional, self-motivated employees, such as salesmen and engineers, can benefit greatly from this style.Although most managers tend to fall into one of these five categories, the most successful mangers can draw from several(prenominal) styles depending on the situation. Within a single office, some circumstances may call for an autocratic decision, others may call for democratic involvement from subordinates and still others may require a hands-off appro ach. Managers who make an driving to learn all five styles can succeed in any setting.

Safety of Women Essay Example for Free

Safety of Women EssayIt is crucial that probation policemans develop a familiarity with the demand and preventive concerns of women who ar twist aroundd, and become aw argon of the risks women face while on probation supervision. For example, an ab exampler may subprogram the probation look into as a nonher way to ab employ her by threatening to falsely allege a probation ravishment to her probation authorityr, or by forcing her to commit an illegal act and then spread overing it (Crager et al., 2003). When a probation police officer learns that a fair sex probationer is ill-treated, the officer should apply the same principles for working with women who be non probationers (NYS PDVIP, 2005). If a charr who is handle has not had jot with main office(prenominal) hysteria courses, probation officers apprize play a come across procedure in providing breeding and referrals to municipal power services. A probation officer may be the first psyche that has ever said to her You dont deserve to be mistreat. Its not your fault, and on that points no matter you deplete done to cause the abuse. Probation officers set out a responsibility to reassure women that they argon not alone with their experiences Im concerned approximately you, and when you argon ready, dish up is available. When probation officers stomach referrals, it is crucial to understand that her latent reluctance or unwillingness to take hotline/advocate soupcon nurture may be related to a concern for her give rubber eraser. Her abuser may be waiting for her in the parking lot, go through her purse or pockets, and use that internal force out programme contact number as a reason to continue and/or escalate his abuse (NYSCADV, 2004b).It is alike important for probation officers to take their cues from women who atomic number 18 treat as to what their abusers actions mean. For example, an abuser may have gull statements to indicate that a chars risk is high (i.e. The next flowers youll get will be when you atomic number 18 in the ground). Probation officers dirty dog in addition assist women in identifying and discernment knockout and potentially illegal stalking behaviors including unsuitable phone calls, letters, gifts, flowers, email, instant pass ons, or faxes. A stalker may also follow her or cross- shoot up at places she frequents (home, work, school, etc.), lick verbal, written, or implied threats directed at her, her friends or family, or vandalize her property. more perfect acts of stalking may also include assaults or other acts of violence, including sexual assault, directed at her, an immediate family member, or whatsoeverone she knows (NYSCADV, 2004b).Probation officers contribute the asylum of women by providing referrals to domestic violenceprograms to assist with completing a safety plan. If a woman chooses not to contact a domestic violence advocate, probation officers can athletic supporter her re view her risks and create a preliminary safety plan (See Appendix B for considerations for development a preliminary safety plan), including asking near weapons available to the offender, as well as his access to the children (NYSCADV, 2004b). disregardless of the level of offense or conviction, probation officers should refrain from minimizing the abusers potential to inflict serious physical injury. All domestic violence cases should be considered as potential homicides, particularly during separation or after a woman who is step terminates the descent (NYS PDVIP, 2005). Probation officers argon also becoming awargon of the potential for collusion with abusers who be not under supervision. These abusers may attempt to become an ally of probation officers in order to wield power and statement over the woman who is ab apply.To counter these attempts at coercion, probation is increasingly conducting Pre-Sentence Investigations ( pounds per squargon inchs) in all domestic viol ence cases. If in that respect are insufficient imaginations to do this in all cases, PSIs should be conducted on any case where the suspect may have a history of victimization by the alleged victim in the presenting case. The PSI should include specific questions rough the history of victimization and power and control dynamics in the relationship (NYS PDVIP, 2005) (See Appendix C for a list of oecumenical guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are treat). Additional strategies for supervising women who are ill-treat include the following 1. Know and follow the depart noetic confidentiality policy regarding use of cultivation about the woman who is abused, including her contact information. Inform the woman who is abused of the policy at first contact, and again as necessary throughout the supervision process. It is important for her to understand what will happen with any and all information she may provide to her probation officer (e.g., will it be writte n in her case level? willing a supervisor see it? Will it be submitted to the judge in a report? Will her abuser or his attorney have access to it?) 2. Create a safe environment for women who are abused to disclose their experiences of abuse if they choose. Consider displaying domestic violence posters in the probation department and have topical anaesthetic domestic violence program brochures and pamphlets available as a visible way to show that the officer and the department take domestic violenceseriously.3. Explain the terms of the Orders and Conditions of Probation, the role of a probation officer, and any additional relevant agency policies. Fully explain the consequences of violations of the Orders and Conditions of Probation, and other probationer obligations. 4. Assure the woman who is abused that she is not trustworthy for her abusers behavior. The choice to abuse rests lonesome(prenominal) with the abuser. 5. Do not use her abuser as a substantiating contact. This m ay accidentally reinforce and validate his power and control over her and introduce unreliable information to her case. 6. It is essential to understand that the decisions women make may be based on critical survival strategies. Women who are abused are constantly evaluating their risks, and from day to day their needinesss and safety concerns may vary. 7. Ask the woman who is abused to identify how to contact her in a way that supports her safety. Do not initiate contact with the woman who is abused while her abuser is present. 8. Ensure that the woman who is abused has contact information for the topical anaesthetic domestic violence program. Assist her in identifying her safety concerns. 9. Discuss safety issues for the probation officer and the woman who is abused that may dissemble home contacts, fieldwork, or collateral contacts (e.g., if the abuser lives with the woman who is abused, schedule a home contact with her when the abuser is not at home). 10. Address other needs of women who are abused including employment, childcare, lodgement issues, substance abuse treatment, etc. 11. Do not promise the woman who is abused any thing you may not be able to deliver. Do not assure her of her safety (NYSCADV, 2003 NYS PDVIP, 2004) (See Appendix D for a checklist for probation contact with victims of domestic violence).Collaboration with home(prenominal) military unit Advocates and Referrals to domesticated Violence Programs.Probation officers are construction strong collaborations with domestic violence advocates. As a result, they have a greater comprehension of the dangers that women face, and a broader understanding of choices women make which are grounded in critical survival strategies. The role of advocates, which are employed by traditional domestic violence programs (based in, or linked with, not-for-profit, non-governmental agencies), is defined by the needsand desires of women who are abused. The overarching goals of advocates are to support a nd bolster womens confidentiality and decisions, and provide them with information. The allegiance of advocates lies solely with women who are abused, which is distinct from victim-witness liaisons (also sometimes referred to as advocates) that may be employed by district attorneys offices, law enforcement agencies, and other clay-based programs. In situation, advocates may be called upon to reconcile the interests of women who are abused to other persons and/or agencies. Advocates and domestic violence programs are a major resource for probation officers and departments and vice versa, and this interdependent relationship should be encouraged, strengthened, and formalized as a necessary part of a coordinated community resolution to domestic violence. Advocate-probation collaborations can strengthen cases and significantly support safety of women in many ways. Advocates can assist with explaining the probation process, process women who are abused understand what probation off icers and departments do, and review probation documents and paperwork with women who are abused. In addition, advocates can help prepare women who are abused for collisions with probation, and may be able to attend meetings to provide additional support (NYS PDVIP, 2004, NYS PDVIP, 2005)3.Probation officers can minimize the potentially dangerous repercussions of unintended consequences of supervision practices, by developing and maintaining collaborations with advocates regarding safety issues. Thus, interventions implemented by probation officers can focus on helping women who are abused look for and evaluate available options, make informed decisions, design preliminary safety plans that reflect womens needs and goals, and drive on voluntary involvement in domestic violence services (State of impudently York, 1998). At every opportunity, probation officers should make available hotline numbers, contact information, and descriptions of locally available domestic violence prog rams and services to women who are abused. However, seeking help from a domestic violence program, getting an order of protection, or deciding to leave an abuser only makes sentience to a woman when, on balance, it reduces the overall risks that she and her children face. Victim safety should remain paramount when there may be competing interests or a perceived bring in of a program, policy, protocol, or procedure. Achieving this goal claims a supervision plan that incorporates the manyobstacles and risks to achieving safety or to ending a relationship with an ignominious henchman that women who are abused encounter. domesticated violence programs focus on empowerment, autonomy, and self-determination, and mandating participation in any program or service contradicts this philosophy (Crager et al., 2003). Mandating women who are abused to domestic violence services also places advocates in the incongruent role of monitoring compliance with probation conditions (Denton, 2001).C onsiderations for Dual Probation Supervision of Women Who are do by and Their AbusersWhen women who are abused and their abusers are both under supervision by probation, a heightened level of confidentiality and a stringent safety protocol must be maintained within the department. Regardless of who is or is not identified by the criminal justice system as the abuser, probation officers should continue to implement practices that support the safety of women who are abused. Probation officers are well trained to be wary of probationers and their many tactics at getting-over. This skill is especially key when supervising domestic violence offenders, as abusers not only excel at this endeavor, but use it as a strategy directly related to their abuse and to their mindset. Although many convicted criminals may believe themselves to be victims, men who are abusers tend to be particularly insistent about their perceived victimization. Historically, men who abused were protected by traditio ns of privacy and privilege surrounding marriage and the family. While social values and laws are changing pertaining to abuse in intimate relationships, many men who abuse express a sense of intrusion and injustice, and feel that they have had something taken away, or that their rights have been abridged.Probation officers need to exercise care not to say or do anything that could be interpreted as agreeing with the abuser including even the most day-to-day of comments or nodding of the head. Invariably, abusers will use that perceived support to minimize and justify their behaviors or to keep up their negative assumptions about women (NYS PDVIP, 2004). Similarly, probation officers need to keep the focus on account expertness, not on abusers personal or moral deficits, diseases, low self-esteem, early childhood experiences,anger management, diminished intellect, addiction, mental ailment, other individuals, or outdoor(a) events as the means to explaining or solving domestic v iolence. Doing so gives abusers support for the excuses they offer to explain their abusive behavior (State of New York, 1998).General Safety Strategies for Women Who Are Abused During Dual Probation Supervision.General guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused during dual probation situations include the following 1. Recognize that women who are abused have differing safety needs and concerns than men who are being supervised. In some situations, there may be a need to request a modification of Orders and Conditions of Probation that may negatively impact her safety (e.g. curfew, electronic monitoring, travel permits, and hall reporting may impose additional danger for women who are abused). 2. Do not schedule office interviews with both the woman who is abused and her abuser on the same day. Develop a schedule of meeting times and dates in conjunction with the other supervising officer. 3. It is essential that different probation officers supervise the woman who is abused and her abuser.This minimizes opportunities for breeches in confidentiality and reduces the potential for collusion with the abuser. 4. If case reviews are routinely conducted with other probation officers and supervisors, exercise extreme caution in discussing case details which may put a woman who is abused at risk. While challenging, limit the access of other officers and supervisors as pragmaticly as feasible to the case file of the woman who is abused. Discussing the details of her case with other probation officers may result in information getting to her abuser, with potentially significant repercussions for her safety. 5. Do not make negative statements about the abuser during supervision of a woman who is abused (NYSCADV, 2003 NYS PDVIP, 2005). For example, comments such as hes such a lousy husband or hes a sure jerk interject value judgments into the supervision process that can significantly detract from perceptions of probation officers and their a bility to maintain a professional demeanor. Rather, the context of the abusers behaviors and actions should be focused on her safety.Additional Safety Strategies for Women Who Are Abused During Supervision of Their Abusers.General guidelines for the supervision of abusers include the following 1. The safety of the woman who is abused is the headspring concern. 2. The abuser is responsible for his behavior. There is no acceptable justification for his violence, no matter what he says or how much he blames her. Address every attempt of abusers to deny, minimize, justify, or blame abuse on anything other than their own personal choice. 3. Neutralize the abusers attempts to manipulate officers or control probation proceedings. Avoid any situation that could lead to unintentionally colluding with the abuser. 4. Whenever possible, probation officers should use sources of information, other than the woman who is abused, to enforce accountability of abusers who are also on probation. If a probation officer does include input from a woman who is abused, it is crucial for the probation officer to explain to her, heartyistically, what may happen with the information that she provides regarding her abusers case.Thus, the probation officer should specifically inquire about information that the woman who is abused can provide about her abuser without putting her at increased risk. 5. The probation officer should clearly describe to the woman who is abused how violations of probation are handled and what sanctions may be imposed on her abuser. 6. Safekeeping of the contact information for the woman who is abused is invariably a priority. Her contact information should always be kept out of sight when the abuser is in the office. If possible, putting the contact information for the woman who is abused in a different colored file or using a piece of colored tape on the file can be an easy way to remind probation officers of the heightened need to keep the information confid ential. 7. In addition, probation department policy should require that probation officers notify a woman who is abused at least one month before her abuser is discharged from supervision. This will provide an opportunity for her to identify any safety concerns and request appropriate referrals from her probation officer (NYSCADV, 2003 NYS PDVIP, 2005).Considerations for Court Ordered Referrals That Are DangerousIncreasingly, the criminal justice system and the romances are tapping into a wider throw off of program and referral options and sanctions as responses to domestic violence cases. While many commonly used interventions, referrals, and services are safe and appropriate for many individuals probation officers need to recognize that several of these same practices are dangerous and strange for women who are abused. In addition to the increased danger these practices may create, they may also reinforce the printing that a woman who is abused shares responsibility for her pa rtners violent and/or controlling behavior. Such a message reinforces the mistaken belief of most abusers women who are abused are to blame for the violence. Thus, it also encourages women who are abused to internalize responsibility for their partners violence and has the potential to increase the likelihood that the abuser will physically or emotionally harm his partner (NYSCADV, 2004b).Safety Considerations for Batterer Program Referrals.The Violence Against Women emplacements Toolkit to End Violence Against Women recommends that the justice system avoid ordering victims of domestic violence to participate in batterer programs (VAWO, 2001). There are many practical and philosophical problems associated with court-ordering a woman who is abused to participate in a batterer program. If she was acting in self-defense or to protect her children, or was using violence in retaliation for abuse, the court order is, in effect, punishment for being abused. Most women who are abused are not batterers, even when they have used violence proactively. While the content of a program for female offenders may be helpful to some women, the batterer label written into the court order is generally inaccurate (Crager et al., 2003). Participation in a batterer program places a woman who is abused in greater danger. For example, when a program notifies the alleged victim (in actuality, the real batterer) of the womans participation in the batterer program, he can learn where and when he can find her. Batterer program staffs have described instances in which women who are abused have been stalked by their abusers every time they attended their court-ordered batterer program. needed participation in batterer programs by women who are abused also createsopportunities for batterers to sabotage the womens compliance with the court order by interfering with their attendance, or reporting false allegations of new acts of violence (Crager et al., 2003). Andy Klein, former chief probat ion officer for the Quincy, MA court and nationally known author on probation, criminal justice, and domestic violence, also commented on the use of batterer programs for women If we really want to offer our services to female batterers, there are burst ways to reach them than to rely on the coercive powers of a criminal justice system that withal often gets it wrong in separating out batterers from victims. If the prosecutor or judge asks you to assist the court by offering batterer intervention programs for womenjust say NO. Offer, instead, to help train officers, prosecutors, and judges on how to arrest, prosecute, and sanction wisely (Klein, 2001, p. 2). Andy Klein Safety Considerations for Mediation and Couples focal point Referrals. interjection strategies that require cooperative participation typically assume an live relationship in which both parties are free to openly participate. Mediation, for example, is a process through which bear on parties are en gaged in negotiations to resolve a conflict. Because of the inherent imbalance of power between an abuser and a woman who is abused, mediation and couples counseling are inappropriate in domestic violence cases. A victim of domestic violence who, by definition, is being controlled by her partner is significantly compromised in her ability to negotiate freely and is not on an equal footing with her partner. Women who are abused may also be encouraged to alter their behavior so that they do not provoke their partners into abusing them, thus, holding the victims accountable for the abuse. Any focus on placating the abuser diverts resources or interventions away from safety and accountability. Also, many women report being threatened or assaulted after joint intake or counseling sessions for things they said or did during the session (Frank Golden, 2002 National impart of Corrections NIC, 2001 NYS PDVIP, 2003a State of New York,1998).Safety Considerations for Restorative Justice Practi ces. federation and tonic water justice practices, which can be effectively used in conjunction with property and jejune crimes, may not always be quinine water or appropriate for women who are abused. As an understanding of power and control and the dynamics of domestic violence are not reflected in many restorative justice practices, they are dangerous for domestic violence cases. Conferencing (also known as Family Group Conferencing) routinely requires women who are abused to have face-to-face visits with their abusers. Also, communities may change agreement plans if they see abusers are having problems with implementing them, thus creating the potential for abusers to manipulate consequences and avoid accountability for the crimes they committed (NIC, 2001 NYS PDVIP, 2003a). Circles (also known as Sentencing, Healing, Peacemaking, or Community Circles) primarily use negotiation, mediation, consensus building, and conflict resolution tactics that, because of power differences between the abuser and the woman who is abused, are dangerous and inappropriate. Also, responsibilities are often inappropriately assigned to women who are abused and their support groups, and outcomes are often focused on an increased community capacity to resolve disputes (NIC, 2001 NYS PDVIP, 2003a).Safety Considerations for Routine Mental Health Assessments.Domestic violence is not the result of a mental health issue, nor does a woman who is abused, typically, have a mental illness. The rate of mental illness among women who are abused is no higher than that of the general population, and mental illness on the part of the woman who is abused is generally not the cause of the violence. When a woman who is abused has no related mental health issues, an assessment implies that the womans status as a victim of domestic violence is in some way connected with a mental health problem. Thus, women who are abused should only be referred for mental health assessments for reasons that are not connected to the abuse. Few mental health providers have specific training in assessing for domesticviolence or in providing supportive services. identical an order to complete a batterer program, an order to complete a mental health assessment can be used against the woman who is abused in a number of ways for example, it may collapse to losing custody of her children (Crager et al., 2003).Strategies to Respond to Court Ordered Referrals That Are Dangerous.Probation officers have numerous opportunities for teachable moments in which they can educate judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, police officers, other criminal justice professionals, and community stakeholders about the nature and dynamics of domestic violence, womens use of violence, predominant aggressor identification, and the crucial need to revise criminal justice protocols that re-victimize women who are abused through unintended consequences. In some jurisdictions, probation departments are developing protoco ls, which prohibit probation officers from mandating or referring women to dangerous practices. When judges refer or mandate women to these practices, the probation departments respond to the judges with an explanation of how the practices are dangerous to women, why the department has restricted use of them, and provides them a copy of the departmental protocol. A strong collaboration with local domestic violence advocates is the cornerstone to a probation response that supports the safety of women who are abused while minimizing the impact of potentially dangerous practices. Advocates are a tremendous source of information and support for probation officers on general domestic violence issues and concerns facing women who are abused, and can provide feedback on proposed policies, referrals, and practices.ConclusionThe regrettable influx of women who are abused into the criminal justice system calls for the expert and principled participation of probation officers to promote their safety. Fortunately, probation officers are well positioned to assume this additional responsibility of justice on behalf of women who are abused. At every opportunity, probation officers should make available hotline numbers, contact information, and descriptions of locallyavailable domestic violence programs and services to women who are abused. Victim safety should remain paramount even when there may be competing interests or a perceived benefit of a program, policy, protocol, or procedure. Achieving this goal requires an expansion of traditional notions of probations mandate of offender accountability and public safety. Domestic violence is a complex issue that demands probation officers implement supervision plans that contain strategies for the many obstacles and risks to achieving safety that women who are abused encounter. Tremendous change has been occurring within the criminal justice system regarding transformations in attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence. Incre asingly, domestic violence is seen as a serious crime that warrants swift and strong law enforcement, court-based, and correctional responses aimed at holding abusers accountable for their actions. Probation officers are taking on prominent roles in bringing about the social change necessary to challenge domestic violence. Probation is in a unique position to support the safety of women who are abused and reduce the negative impacts of arrest and prosecution of women who are abused as part of a dual arrest for domestic violence, or other crimes. Anytime a probation officer encounters a woman who is abused or her abuser, regardless of who is the probationer, the officer has a crucial role in potentially preventing further domestic violence or even homicide.ReferencesBloom, B., Owen, B., Covington, S. (2003). Gender-responsive strategies Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC National Institute of Corrections, U.S. segment of Justice. Crager, M ., Cousin, M., Hardy, T. (2003). Victim-defendants An emerging challenge in responding to domestic violence in Seattle and the King County region. Retrieved whitethorn 24, 2004 from http//www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/victimdefendant/victimdefendant.html Dasgupta, S. (2001). Toward an understanding of womens use of non-lethal violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http//www.vawnet.org/DomesticViolence/Research/VAWnetDocs/AR_womviol.php Denton, J. (2001). Options and alternatives for women Are we re-victimizingwomen? Women Who Use Force, 20(1), 10-11. Family Violence stripe Fund. (1999). Cultural considerations in domestic violence cases A national judges benchbook. San Francisco, CA Family Violence ginmill Fund. Frank, P., Golden, G. (2002). When 50-50 is not fair The case against couple counseling when men abuse women. New City, NY Volunteer Counseling Service of Rockland County, Inc. Klein, A. (2001). Dear readers. National Bulletin on Domes tic Violence taproom, 7(7), 1-2. Miller, S. (2001). The paradox of women arrested for domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 7(12), 1339-1376. Multnomah County Family Violence Coordinating Council. (2002). Battered women offenders in the criminal justice system Analysis of needs and response for Multnomah County, Oregon. Portland, OR Multnomah County Family Violence Coordinating Council. National Battered Womens Law Project, National Center on Women and Family Law. (1994). Mandatory arrest Problems and possibilities. New York, NY Legal Momentum. National Institute of Corrections. (2001).Restorative justice Principles, practices, and implementation. Longmont, CO National Institute of Corrections Academy, U.S. Department of Justice. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2003). General guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused. Albany, NY Author. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2004a). Domestic violence handbook. Alban y, NY Author. New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2004b). Guidelines for the probation response to women who are abused Supporting victim safety, autonomy, and self-determination. Albany, NY Author. New York State Probation Domestic Violence preventive Project. (2003a). Applying restorative and community justice principles to domestic violence cases. Albany, NY NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and punitory Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2003b). Probation response to women convicted of domestic violence. Albany, NY NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2004). New York state model probation policy for domestic violence Probation domestic violence pre- sentence investigations reports. Albany, NY NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Divisionof Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. New York State Probation Domestic Violence Intervention Project. (2005). New York state model probation policy for domestic violence Probation supervision. Albany, NY NYS Coalition Against Domestic Violence, NYS Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, and NYS Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Oregon Council on Crime and Delinquency. (2002, May). Experiences of domestic violence among women on probation or parole in Lane County, Oregon. OCCD Bulletin. Retrieved June 23, 2004 from http//www.occdonline.org/Newsletter/OCCDMay02.pdf State of New York. (1997). Commission on domestic violence fatalities Report to the governor. Albany, NY Author. State of New York. (1998). Model domestic violence policy for counties.Albany, NY New York State Office for the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women Office. (2001). Enhancing the response of the justice system Criminal remedies. Toolkit to end violence against women. Retrieved May 19, 2004 from http//toolkit.ncjrs.org/vawo_4.html Women in Prison Project, Correctional Association of New York. (2002). Domestic violence survivors in prison fact sheet. Retrieved May 19, 2004 from http//www.correctionalassociation.org/images/Fact_Sheets_2002.pdf Womens Justice Center. (2004). The pivotal role of the criminal justice system in stopping violence against women Mapping the obstacles to criminal justice for women Part 1. Retrieved May 24, 2004 from http//www.justicewomen.com/handbook/part1_intro.htmlpivotal Worcester, N. (2001). Women who use force in heterosexual domestic violence Putting the context (back in) the picture. Women Who Use Force, 20(1), 2-5, 16-17.

Ethics Of Should Abortion Be Legal Philosophy Essay

Ethics Of Should Abortion Be Legal philosophical system EssayRemember a long time ago when women died because they could not or did not trust to stick out an infant and they attempted to terminate their pregnancy by themselves or with the help of other inexpert? Should abortion be legal? Do you gestate in Pro-Life or Pro-Choice? What do you do when plenty come about that is not of your control or wiliness? I trust that both pro-life and pro-choice viewpoints have sensible arguments.These argon the questions that we will examine briefly and what has materialise since it became legal in the Roe vs. wade Supreme Court decision case of 1973. It is important to exist all that is involved with abortion before you elicit make a rational choice. It is not whether it should be legal, al ace when it should be allowed. Abortion allows women to have the choice and can save thousands of lives of women that have tried to do it on their receive. I feel that it should be legal, but only to an extent. That is what pro-choice is all about.Pro-choice is the countersink that in like manner is known as pro-abortion In the United States and in China, where law requires sometimes abortion and it is also known as anti-abortion. The purpose of the pro-choice movement is to ensure that all choices remain legal. The movement argues that a human person cannot be proven, prior to the point of viability and the government does not have the good to choke up a womans right to decide whether to continue a pregnancy.(Head, 2010 ) I do not believe in permitting abortions after ten to twelve weeks of pregnancy, because at that time is when a fetus can represent say-so life. Now do not get me wrong, I still call in that we should dissuaded women from abortion, and that we should be taking more than measures to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Last year over 15,000, women had abortions because of rape, incest, health or just unwanted pregnancies. more or less circumstances have c ome about that is not of your their own control or wiliness. It is because of the Roe vs. Wade case of 1973, states that a woman and her doctor can decide when and if to abort a pregnancy but only during the first trimester. After that, the government can restrict abortion to protect the viability of the fetus. This preserves our entire right under our privacy rights (Roe v. Wade , 1973).In addition, another thing we do not think about that how it affects by approximately of the population is the ignorance when it comes to a very serious illness of mental retardation. near three percent of the masses that be considered as mentally retarded and some people have adopted many slang terms, one such as retard to insult them. A hand out people do not understand about their mental disabilities and so this is their way of calling them stupid, but really, they are stupid within themselves because they do not understand. Mental retardation is a term utilise when someone has limitations in their mental functioning and these limitations cause a child to learn and develop dilatory than an ordinary individual or in some cases, dont develop at all (123HelpMe.com/76990, 2010).I believe in a combination of both pro-life and pro-choice viewpoints. This brings us to the pro-life choice that does not believe that the woman has any rights to have an abortion, no matter what the circumstances are. What they are saying is that they are taking away a womans right to freedom of choice. A woman should have the right to lease if she wants to have an abortion. They do not think about the consequences of having a child that is not wanted or as some people call them forgotten children. Pro-Life says that the government has the right or the responsibility to preserve all human life. In the Catholic Church and other similar groups also prohibits, mercy killing and assisted suicide, the death penalty and War, with only a few exceptions. In cases where the pro-life ethnic conflicts with the individualized autonomy, as in the cases of abortion and assisted suicide, it is conservative. In The cases of ethic, where the pro-life have conflicts with the government policy, as in the case of the death penalty and war, it is liberal(Head, 2010 ). Pro-lifers also do not believe in teaching agitate education where pro-choice believes that, we should educate our children on how to handle and in the consequences that fails with proceeding with their urges that they will have in their coming of age years.The primarily conflict of pro-life and pro-choice movements are on the issues of abortion. Pro-life argues that it protects the unhatched human life by the government and should not be legal, also that it is come to to abort. Have you ever looked up the definition of murder? It states that when pro-life activists call abortion murder, they are suggesting that abortion fits the definition, namely, illegal killing with malice aforethought. However, this definition fail s for two reasons. First, is that abortions are not illegal and secondly, mothers hardly feel malice towards their own unborn children (123HelpMe.com/9909, 2010).The Bible, especially in the Old Testament of Deuteronomy or Exodus, there are laws that command that people be killed for lots of ridiculous reasons. There are countless examples of mass murders commanded by God including the murder of women, infants, and children. The following are a very small amount of the passages approving of murder in the Bible. They are divided into three parts 1) Capital Punishment Crimes, 2) Gods Murders for Stupid Reasons, 3) Murdering Children, and 4) Miscellaneous Murders. This list is long, but it scarcely scratches the surface of all the murders approved of in the Bible.(123HelpMe.com/78161, 2010)In conclusion, the arguments of the pro-choice and pro-life movements are both valid arguments, with the evidence that the Bible, with some exceptions, that every child should be born wanted, suppor ts abortion. Under the right circumstances, abortion should be legal with the right medical care and in the proper time and way. Know body has the right to say in the case of a rape or incest whether you have to keep the unborn child. Alternatively, that the unborn child has to come into the world with this hanging over their head from the start. This was because of a malicious act was make and not of your own choice, but therefore neither you nor the child should be penalized for it. These happens so often in cases of pro-life and say for instance, a twelve year old girl is victim of rape that as a result of it becomes pregnant. This has already ruined that girl in the trauma that she has to overcome that has happen to them. Those circumstances is not written of the laws that prohibit abortions. Nor are the mothers that might die if they proceed with their pregnancies. Is that not taking one life for another? The only difference would be that one is breathing, where the other has not done so yet.In 1973 in a review of the CSA Discovery Guides, the Ragsdale litigation led a case to the most significant judicial ruling since Roe that resulted in a settlement in which plaintiffs secured the right to a legal clinic abortion during the first 18 weeks of pregnancy. Although, a similar law today might puff up survive constitutional scrutiny, the case was settled to the satisfaction of pro-choice advocates (Mezey, Susan Gluck Tatalovich, Raymond Walsh, Michael, 1994). This at least gives the child and us a chance to do what is best for all. We have enough forgotten children in the world that if we can prevent just one unhappy child or tormented soul, they will bless us all. I still believe the best way is to be careful in the first orient and stop before we have to make the choice.

Effectiveness of Sponsorship Strategies

Effectiveness of Sponsorship StrategiesThis paper discusses how Under Urmour progress tos noticed by the customers. It does this by making its carry personally relevant, surprising, and easy to process use of clinical and subjective recognition with sponsoring up-and-coming athletes and ensuring that the consumers can intelligibly see different models as well as its mission and guarantee on its website. The paper similarly discussed how Coca cola and Pepsi are marketing their places to teens worldwide via melody.OPTION 2 HOW UNDER ARMOUR GETS discoverWhat is Under Armour doing to situate its brand personally relevant, surprising, and easy to process?Initially, the friendship positioned itself as a brand for the athletes of the next generation by sponsoring upcoming athletes which is in contrast with its competitors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Nike who exactly sponsor established athletes. The audience interprets this as a gesture of community service by promoting bare-assed-made athletes who are known for their dedication and athleticism. The Under Armours brand gains customer attention and visibility as these sponsored athletes cause well.Additionally, Under Armour has put tremendous effort to attract women to its brand. In the past decade, the company has change magnitude its credibility by investing heavily in terms of time and energy to reach the female consumer. In Sept 2010, the company launched a Facebook fan page for women called Under Armour Women, where members can ascertain to upload various videos articles, and workouts. The aim is to market its products to the females just the same way it does to their male counterparts (Mick, 1992).The company gives incentives to its customers such as wholesale discounts or discount on refreshedborn products. To further maintain the element of relevancy and awe, it sells variety of sports gear both(prenominal) light and heavy for both sexes. The company has also established a healthy long term relationship with its retailers, wholesalers as well as their customers. The bottom line is aspect is the primary element of the companys marketing goal which consists 2 key ingredients credibility and relevancy (Mick, 1992).The role of fair game and subjective comprehension in Under Armours baron to market its products by sponsoring up-and-coming athletesObjective comprehension is usually understood as the extracting or grasping of a pre-specified meaning from an advertisement these meanings are comm altogether given or rather directly implied by the advert as intended by the advertiser. Thus, objective comprehension is basically a one-dimensional construct with the major aim of ensuring the recipients of the message draw sinless amount of meaning from the message. On the other hand, Subjective comprehension is understood as the creation of meanings by an individual through the activation of mental perceptions related to the advertisement and the processing context (Mick, 1992).By victimization the objective and subjective comprehension in the adverts, consumers can easily draw practical comprehension inferences that cannot be linked directly to the advert message. Thus, through sponsoring up-coming athletes, the consumers draw practical comprehension conclusions that the company is not only promoting a spunky-quality product but also promoting the community welfare. The use of the objective and subjective comprehension in the advertisements makes the consumers feel more involved and also helps them to acquire higher product knowledge which in charm increases their comprehension elaborations. As a depart, Under Armour does not personally sell of their products the advertisements helps customers know what the company is all about (Mick, 1992).Why would Under Armour want to be sure that consumers can all the way see different models as well as its mission and guarantee on the brands website?Unlike its competitors such as Nike Under Armour h as an optimistic perspective of helping athletes develop their careers. Additionally, for the past decade, the company has provided its customers globally with precisely superior products engineered with their unique fabric construction, as well as absolute moisture focal point proven innovation in all its products.The company has been building a strong brand protrude over the past years giving it the following strengths a strong brand equity for both the company and customers innovativeness couple with professional armature athletes sponsorship giving it good public relations a superior brand has a strong brand name has a unique, recognizable logo rapid growth and produces high quality apparel. Thus, with the unique and practical mission statement coupled with the companys distinctive strengths, Under Armour wants make sure that the consumers understands that they are get the best products in the market as well as getting a good value for their money (Business Teacher, 2012).OP TION 3 Marketing to Teens Worldwide via MusicThe long results that Coca-Cola and PepsiCo hope to achieve by investing heavily in marketing to teens around the world.The long-term result that Coca-Cola and PepsiCo hope to achieve by investing heavily in marketing to teens globally is brand committedness. brand loyalty refers to the continuous preference by the customer for the products of an existing company. Companies create brand loyalty through relentless advertisements of their names and brand protecting their products through patents, product inventions and innovations through continuous research as well as, through development of programs that emphasis on development of high quality products and high-quality after-sales services. Brand loyalty has a positive influence to the manner in which the consumer perceives the product or the company. To create brand royalty, a firm has to relate a brand to human personalities which in turn creates feelings of affection, warmth and be longing to a product (Bryson, 2010).The best way of creating long term brand loyalty to a product is by cultivating feelings of warmth, fondness, and a sense belonging towards this product in people while they are young. The two companies grant the need to reach the younger audiences because the teenage demographic is expected to represent a third of the worlds creation by 2020. Human beings a generally habitual creatures thus, by creating the brand loyalty with teenagers, they will detain royal to this brand even as they grow older.Marketing advantages and disadvantages of associating a soft drink brand such as Coca-Cola or PepsiCo with unisonal convocations that are just beginning their careers.Music is integrating in mass electronic media (internet, tv and radio) advertisements so as to enhance its the advertisement success.AdvantagesEntertainmentMusic has the cheer aspect that makes advertisements more appealing to the audience. This increased attractiveness enables an adv ertisement to capture more attention. Thus, music enhances the brands, products or services value by connecting it to music (Bryson, 2010).MemorabilityIt is easier to recall a piece of music than images or intercommunicate language because music tends to linger in the listeners mind for long. New music groups mostly have freshly songs that have not yet bored the audience. As the listeners get to learn the new songs, they also get to learn more about the product. These new songs enable listeners to remember company details such as the company name, webpage or even an appealing slogan linked to the brand (Bryson, 2010).Authority Establishment and Targetingcertain(p) kinds of groups or life styles attribute themselves to certain kind of music. This makes it is possible to appeal to a particular group through use of certain kinds of musical genres. The company can also easily use the new musical groups to target a particular kind of groups or lifestyles than. This is because new music groups are more flexible than established music groups because they are more willing to experiment with various music genres. In this case music serves as a nonverbal identifier.Growth of brand as well as The musical GroupAs the sponsored musical group gains popularity, the companys brand gains attention and visibility.DisadvantagesNot all sponsored music groups end up becoming popular poor performance of a musical group results in less advertising revenues. Brands have the ability to make up-coming artists into stars but at the same time, these artists have the ability to destroy the brands name by not being successful enough (Bryson, 2010).The reason why the two companies emphasize new music and emerging performers in their ads, rather than well-known songs and groupsBrands are identifying and embracing the new ways in which various kinds of audience access music and are finding ways and intend to capitalize. With their major targets being teenagers globally, the two companies h ave realized that, teenagers have a high affinity for new music and also emerging performers. Thus, the up-coming musicians promote their brand while the companies sponsoring and also give their new music some exposure. This is more or less a collaborative process, by leveraging the power of each. It is a fact that there is a greater association to the product or brand being promoted by a new talent than renting an existing talent. This is because the young people love the element of surprise in the brand image (Bryson, 2010).

Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Project Management Plan

Solar Photovoltaic Power innovationt encounter Management PlanIntroductionSolar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electric carity and galore(postnominal) solar photovoltaic force issue stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of September 2010, the enormousst photovoltaic (PV) post imagets in the beingness argon the Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 80 MW), Olmedilla Photovoltaic leafy vegetable (Spain, 60MW), the Strasskirchen Solar Park (Germany, 54MW), the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 53MW), the Puertollano Photovoltaic Park (Spain, 50MW), the Moura Photovoltaic Power carry (Portugal, 46MW), and the Waldpolenz Solar Park (Germany, 40MW).1This proposal is for setting up a 50 MW (10 MW x 5 Phases) capacity solar photovoltaic tycoon plant gived on latest superior Power Modules utilise cells consisting of Multi-Cryst tout ensembleine Silicon Technology / Tandem Junction Thin Film Technology, which has been successfully true for commercial implementation and has been delivering reliable provide generation around the world for or so years now. The solar photovoltaic power device is proposed to be set up in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India which is hotshot of the best suited locations in terms of grittyer annual direct normal insolation (DNI), prosperous climatic conditions and land availability Some photovoltaic power stations which be presently proposed result have a capacity of 150MW or more than.Many of these plants argon integrated with agriculture and some use innovative tracking systems that follow the suns daily path across the sky to generate more electrical energy than conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emissions during operation of the power stations.AIMThis proposal examines the techniques of cast off wariness used in development of a solar photovoltaic power plant Project. The background of the send leave behind be described including its planning, action, Oper ation guardianship and pecuniary analysis a exteriorize critical success factors for the trade union movement implementation are identified presenting an overview of vomit up structure, methods, risks, etc.ObjectivesThe objectives for the project are the successful completion of solar photovoltaic power plant, on budget, on time and safely. The objectives are also to develop world class project watchfulness best practices deep down the solar industry.Research MethodologyThe PMBOK Guide states that projects are composed of two kinds of wreak project commission processes and product-oriented processes (which specify and create the project product). Project management processes are further divided into initiating, planning, writ of execution, controlling and terminal processes. This proposal mainly concentrates on the core processes of planning, execution and controlling.The project management process groups depicted in figure 1 are initiating, planning, executing, observ e deviceing and controlling, and closing. Initiating defines and authorizes the project or a project phase. Planning defines and refines objectives and plans the business of action askful to attain the objectives and mountain range that the project was undertaken to address. punish integrates people and other resources to carry out the project management plan for the project. supervise and controlling on a regular basis measures and monitors progress to identify variances from the project management plan so that strict action can be taken when necessary to meet project objectives. Closing formalizes acceptance of the product, service, or result and brings the project or a project phase to an not bad(p) end. Figure illustrates the relative depth, breadth, and interrelationship between these process groups.PlanningPlanning in organizations constitutes both the organisational process of creating and maintaining a plan and the psychological process of thinking about the activi d rags required to create a desired goal on some scale. As such, it is a fundamental property of intelligent behaviour. This view process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan or integration of it with other plans. It combines vaticination of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. An important albeit much ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds with forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like.The above scenario is often used to describe the formal procedures used in the creation of documents, endeavour, diagrams, meetings to discuss the important issues to be addressed, objectives to be met and the strategy to be followed. Beyond this planning has a different meaning depending on the political or economic context in which it is used.There are ten core processesscope planningscope definitionactivity definitionresource planningactivity sequencingactivity duration estimatingcost estimating enrolment developmentcost budgetingProject plan development.The output from these processes project plans makes up an input to the executing processes. A distinction is made between the project plans proper and the project functioning baselines.ExecutingExecuting consists of the process used to effected the organize defined in the project management plan to strike the projects requirements. Execution process involves coordinating people and resources as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance with the project management plan. The deliverables are produced as outputs from the processes performed as defined in the project management plan.Executing ProcessesProject Plan Execution performing the activitiesComplete Tasks/Work Packages asseverateation Distribution mountain range Verification acceptance of project scopeQuality Assurance evaluating overall project performanc e on a regular basis meeting standardsTeam cave inment developing team and individual readiness sets to enhance the projectProgress MeetingsMonitoring and controllingMonitoring and controlling consists of those processes which have performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely vogue and corrective action can be taken place. When necessary to control the execution of the project. The key gain ground is that project performance is observe and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan.Monitoring and peremptory includesMeasuring the on-going project activities.Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline. refer corrective actions to address issues and risks properly.Influencing the factors that could beleaguer integrated change control so except approved changes are utiliseThis must be done in an integrated m anner at regular intervals, not in a haphazard, arbitrary way. Any significant de lineamentures from the budget and the schedule must be account immediately, because these anomalies affect the viability and the success of the entire project.This will lead to adapting the project schedule, budget and/or work plan as necessary to keep the project on track. The project progress and changes must be document and enunciated to the team members in a consistent, reliable and curb manner for each level of the project team. achievement criteria for project controlUse the project plan as the primary guide for co-ordinating your project.Consistently monitor and update the plan.Remember that quality communication is a key to control.Monitor progress on the project against the plan on a regular basis.Get involved.Adapt the project schedule, budget and/or work plan as necessary to keep the project on track. register project progress and changes and communicate them to team members.What monitor ing should accomplish?Communicate project position and changes to other project team membersInform management (and clients or customers) about the status of the project show the justification for making project adjustmentsDocument current plans compared to the original project planProject Performance must be measured regularly to identify the variances from the plan. Variances are fed into control processes in the heterogeneous knowledge areas. To the extent the significant Variances are observed. Adjustments to the plan are made by repeating the appropriate project planning process.Project reports should beclearly state the current status of the projectcompare actual achievements with the planned target achievements disgorge attention to critical issuesidentify problems and propose solutionspromote effective management and controlProject status reportsIt is not simply a matter of keeping the scope from creeping, or a matter of end the cheapest and fastest project it is establish ing the appropriate Scope and delivering the commensurate product, service, or result.All the above processes have been iteratively revealed/implemented during the Proposed Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant project, which was revealed below.TechnologyThe proposed plant shall comprise High Power Modules using cells consisting of Multi-Crystalline Silicon Technology / Tandem Junction Thin Film Technology. Efficiency is varying from 6% 18%. Temperatures beyond 25oC have nominal effect on the efficiency of the modules. White Tempered Glass, EVA Resin and put up proof film along with Al frame is used for extended outdoor use. Lead electrify with weather proof connector shall be used for output terminal.Both the technologies are standalone type which inevitably no external power or water source and hence is intimately appropriate for surrender region of Rajasthan. Small amount of processed water or compressed air is required only for cleaning of the system.Indicative scope of work galv anicSupply, fitting, fixing of Solar PV Modules with appropriate module mounting structures and frames including overall planning and design of the power plant.Supply and installation of Junction boxes of appropriate standards with required trade protection and isolation system.Design, supply and installation of AC power conditioning units with all protections and controlling arrangement as per specifications to get the desired performance. String monitoring and MPPT features are included as per requirements.Inter tie-up of Solar modules, PCUs, transformers LT HT sides, LT switchgear, etc with appropriate cables and associated materials including supply of materials.Design, manufacture, supply, installation, interconnection and interfacing of computer aided data acquisition unit as per specification.Supply, installation complete earthing as required for AC and DC power system, PCU, LT switchgear, Transformer, all metallic cubicles, HT switchgear with materials as required as per applicable standards.Providing earth-mat and interconnection of array structures with earth pits in the PV array yard.Design, fabrication, supply, installation of LT power interfacing beautify to evacuate power to the grid through with(predicate) PCUs with appropriate capacity duty tour breakers, isolators, indicators, metering arrangement with selector switch, CTs, PTs, and slovenly person bus-bars as per requirement in complete.Design, fabrication, supply and installation of plant monitoring desk to monitor the status of all major equipments through remote monitoring system including connection to all major equipments and status to be monitored.Supply of all other BOS parts e.g. cables, electrical, etc as per the Bill of substantial (BOM) which is not cover above.Emergency DG Set 15 KVA with battery bank and battery charger.Metering device.Control Room and OthersElectrical wiring in the inverter room, control room and array yard with supply of cables and wires, switchboards, switches, Junction Boxes, distribution boards for lights, fans, polish off fans, power points for both 5 Amps and 15 Amps.Supply and installation of lightning arrestors for inverter room, control room as per relevant standards.Supply, fitting and fixing of CFL lighting fixtures, FL lighting fixtures, LED lighting fixtures for lighting indoor and outdoor various installations including array yard with required accessories.Providing of fire extinguisher and sand buckets complying with national or international arctic standards.Civil Works for solar SystemsTopographical surveyDesign and construction of appropriate foundation base for holding the module mounting structure with supply of all requisite materials, excavation, concreting, backfilling, shoring and shuttering, etc. complex body part of power plant buildings including inverter rooms, control room as required, office, canteen, etc.Barbed wire fencing of 3m stature for complete power plant and sub-station.Cable trenches, dra inage, etc.Main gate, side gates and Security rampart rooms.Erection and Installation of Power Evacuation ArrangementErection, supply, installation and fit out of fifty 0.415/33 KV step up transformers and three 33/132 KV step up transformers, 3 phase, 50 Hz, with associated switchgear comprising of circuit breakers, isolators, LT panels, CTs and PTs, etc including metering and protection like over-current, earth-fault, reverse power protection and controls, etc.Other Fixed AssetsFurniture for inverter rooms, control room and administration/office.Pantry equipment, change room lockers, etc.Store racks and cupboards.Standard Mechanical Maintenance tools.Engineering and Project ManagementDesign and EngineeringProject Management and construction supervisionMaterial ManagementInsurance during the project period.Project implementation scheduleBased on international practices and proficient advancements, it is estimated that first 10 MW capacity phase of the project will be supplied, i nstalled and commissioned from project commendation and additional 40 MWp of the project will be installed and commissioned in 60 months from project approval.ExecutingExecuting consists of the processes used to complete the work defined in the project management plan to accomplish the projects requirements. Execution process involves coordinating people and resources, as well as integrating and performing the activities of the project in accordance with the project management plan. The deliverables are produced as outputs from the processes performed as defined in the project management plan.Total project shall be completed within 60 months in 5 (five) stages of 10 MW each from date of sanction of the project.The modules will be ground mounted and tilted 27 degrees to slip the sun. The ground mounting will require a flat level surface and will be set into concrete. The modules will require an area that is unshaded from the sun. Any vegetation underneath the modules will need to b e kept to a level below that of the modules in order to avoid shading. All the modules will be at least 1.0m from the ground. It is assumed that this is adequate to keep the modules above the height of sand depository at the site during sand storm.Monitoring and controllingMonitoring and controlling consists of those processes performed to observe project execution so that potential problems can be identified in a timely manner and corrective action can be taken, when necessary, to control the execution of the project. The key benefit is that project performance is observed and measured regularly to identify variances from the project management plan.Monitoring and Controlling includesMeasuring the on-going project activities.Monitoring the project variables (cost, effort, scope, etc.) against the project management plan and the project performance baseline.Identify corrective actions to address issues and risks properly.Influencing the factors that could circumvent integrated chan ge control so only approved changes are implementedIn multi-phase projects, the monitoring and controlling process also provides feedback between project phases, in order to implement corrective or preventive actions to bring the project into compliance with the project management plan.Operation and maintenanceWhether a solar plant performs well in the long term and remains technically available depends to a large extent on servicing and regular maintenance. This shall be carried out by designated electrical experts in companionship with technicians from the respective component manufacturers.To keep all components optimally available, an electronic data processing unit in the solar power plant will permanently gather and evaluate all relevant performance data and possible error messages. Using target/actual comparison, data from the power plant shall be continually compared with data from an on-site weather station.Possible errors shall be precisely located and immediately passed on via email, SMS or fax to the relevant service technicians. They can then, from their workplace, conduct fault repair through online remote maintenance.Financial analysisAssumptions estimatesThe assumptions are made that suppliers will abide by the followingProvide Safe Working ConditionConsistency of ProcessesAdhere to Design StandardsAdhere to Standard ComponentsFollow the manikin AgreementsThe proposed Solar Photovoltaic Power Project is of 50 MWp capacity. Estimated cost of the project is INR Rs. 17 Crores per MWp. (2.42 Million Pounds) The get project cost is Rs. 850 Crores (. Gross aggregate electricity generation has been arrived at 83.22 million kWh per annum. The capacity function factor (plant load factor) is 19%.Project cost break-up means of financeApart from machinery, installation and commissioning cost, interest during construction, financial institution fees and margin money for working capital is part of project cost. Project financial analysis has been carr ied out considering debt equity ratio of 7030. Interest rate at debt part has been considered at 14.29%.Project DeliverablesThe project deliverables are based on the completion of project based on the followingOn timeOn budgetNo accidentsThe fulfilment of original quality requirementsDevelop industry project management best practices that are measureable and repeatableOperational terminal both in the short and long-termAdvantagesThe 89 pet watts of sunlight reaching the Earths surface is plentiful almost 6,000 measure more than the 15 terawatts equivalent of average power consumed by humans. Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m) among renewable energies.Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies are under development.PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or intervention after th eir sign set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power plant, operating costs are super low compared to existing power technologies.Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Long-standing examples include satellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels.When grid-connected, solar electric generation replaces some or all of the highest-cost electricity used during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions). This can reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power to provide for use in times of darkness. These features are enabled by net metering. Time-of-use net metering can be highly favourable, but requires newer electronic metering, which whitethorn still be impractical for some users.Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing transmission/distribution losings (transmission losses in the US were approx imately 7.2% in 1995).Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little inquiry money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless, experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in case of concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass-production costs are rapidly falling.DisadvantagesPhotovoltaic are costly to install. time the modules are often warranted for upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a home-mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and the buyer puts less value on the system than the seller.Solar electricity is seen to be expensive.Solar electricity is not produced at night and is much reduced in cloudy conditions. Therefore, a storage or complementary power system is required.Solar electricity production depends on the express mail power density of the locations insolation. Average daily output of a flat pl ate collector at latitude tilt in the contiguous US is 3-7 kilowatt and on average lower in Europe.Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie inverter) when used in existing distribution grids. This incurs an energy loss of 4-12%.Time ScaleDuration/ period of timeTask/ Milestone calendar week 1 2 (01 14 Oct, 2010)Assemble common information through explore resourcesWeek 3 (15 Oct, 2010)Research Proposal Assignment 1Week 3 4 (16 28 Oct, 2010)Organize meetings and cart out reviewsWeek 5 7 (29 18 Nov, 2010)Gather and pick up key DataWeek 8 12 (19 Nov 23 Dec. 2010)Lettering and discussion with supervisorWeek 12 13 (24 30 Dec, 2010)ReviewWeek 14 (31 5 Jan, 2011)Review and submissions

Adventure Or Just Another Holiday Tourism Essay

Adventure Or Just Another Holiday Tourism leavenAdventure or just another Holiday?Holidays these days be not a luxury. They are a necessity. Every year bulk wait for that time of the year when they sight shut off their laptops and betoken off to a place where they can for draw off just ab pop out appointments and deadlines. The to a greater extent people work the much is their need to get outdoor(a) from it all. owe to lesser and lesser time people have on hand, vacations are a way to be together with families. Recently the recession has brought about changes in the way people travel. Recession has created a new-sprung(prenominal) site of travelers called flashpackers. They are actually backpackers who are on a budget blow up who do not share their sleeping space but favour for private rooms. People mostly these days go for all inclusive holidays which are a great help. They allow you help your budget yourself let you keep a check on your food, drink, entertainment an d accommodation.The question is with minor time on hand and stage sets of holiday agencies out in that respect to lure you what would you go for? Is it a usual shopping-sightseeing-hogging type of a holiday or wellness treat that you look for? Does a yoga rail line console your senses or a rigorous trekking tour does it for you? According to official statistics families select to go on the predictable leisure holidays whereas youngsters and singles opt for gallant trips.A general myth about misfortune travel is that it is luxuriant of risks and not every iodin can do it. This draws a lot of people away including families. General trend in travel has constantly shown that when parents and children decide to holiday together they always prefer beaches and mountains where they can laze around in hotels, go sight seeing and eat dinners together. If observed closely encounter travel lets you do all of it and much more.Adventure travel can be fun when the entire family is involv ed in doing a depute together. And why just families group of friends or colleagues can have a good time on risk travels. They are probably one way you can experience nature, be together, spend time and in like manner learn about nature.Talking about nature, eco tourism is a new trend in travel these days which has been beautifully blend with adventure vacations. If you care for the environment which you should, and want to do something about conserving it you should try an eco tour. You get a chance to travel the remotest of the places which have very less adult male presence and nature at its wildest best. Some statistics here can obtain you a better idea about the growing demands of adventure tourism and why you should be a part of it.Extreme Adventure vacations in that location are many out there who have made a list which they call Ultimate 5 Lifetime Adventures. This one sorts out the adventures one must do before they die. Skydiving, Rappelling, A ropes challenge lean s upervised by the army trainer, Bike racing and Hot blood Ballooning.Family adventure holidaysFamilies have started choosing estimation parks and all inclusive resorts more genuine nature-based, cultural, and education and learning excursions, says Doyle. Theses holiday trips came forth owing to the change magnitude demands of people to have holidays where they can be closer to families and nature.Soft adventure vacationsThere is an increase in number of people who wish for theme based holidays. The theme can be eco tour or Yoga course with a short trekking trip. Infact Yog is a favorite and is combined with a lot of activities such as snow boarding or wind surfing. These kinds of holidays are quiet popular among women.

Anti Jerk Control Of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay

Anti Jerk reign over Of Hybrid Electric fomite railway locomotiveering EssayThe repute details the come off by means of with(predicate) with(p) in the ara of anti-jerk program line of fomites. It explains the phenomenon of driveline oscillations excited cod to torsion of driveline at soaring locomotive locomotive railway locomotive crookednesss cause unwanted longitudinal oscillations in fomite body. report railway card starts with a b avenue introduction to the thing and lays knock off the gravels and objectives of the explore forcing out.The aims and objectives of the thrust atomic reduce 18 to design an vigorous provisionsback come across for an galvanising car force of a cross electric vehicle to bankrupt these unsuitable oscillations.A epitome review of previous explore function done in this atomic number 18a is contributeed which fructifys the starting point of the project. contrastive techniques use for anti-jerk run into in stu ffy vehicle argon discussed. Basic onward motion to impersonate ground program line design is presented in the report. An introduction to hybrid electric vehicle driveline and interpretation of its components assorted from conventional vehicle is shown.The report likewise lays down the execution of the work to be followed for the research project with a project plan. initiationThe change magnitude pressure of protecting the natural environment and to decrease the dependence on non-renewable sources of talent has encouraged vehicle manufacturers to develop more despoil and efficient power forms. As a result Hybrid vehicles argon hot topic for research among vehicle manufacturers. Efforts be being make to make the vehicles more fire efficient with high performance and lower limit CO2 emissions. Diesel hybrids are considered as next big affaire among ecological designs since diesel railway locomotives are 20 % 30% more terminate efficient than their petrol counter par ts.Nowa eld psychological dis localize, tingle and harshness (NVH) issues have flex more important for a customer oftentimes(prenominal) that there are very stringent requirements for noise or vibration in a vehicle. Driveability of a vehicle is majorly impacted by NVH problems and is strongly felt as vehicles performance during several(a) manoeuvres such as acceleration, braking, sackted cycle per second change etcetera thus vehicle manufacturers and OEMs have veryized the importance of NVH issues and target to bring out the root cause of vibration and constitute the correcting measures at early stages of manufacturing with a primary(prenominal) goal to refine the ride and driveability of a vehicle.These days efforts are being made to increase the performance of vehicles and to make them more fuel efficient by utilize different techniques and one of the techniques is electrification of various governances in a vehicle. Electronic power assist steering system, e lectric sprightly roll regard, electronic differential, brake by wire are approximately of the examples of electrification of vehicle systems. This kind of methodology becomes more evident in pillow slip of hybrid electric vehicles where electric power components including power electronics are full part of the powertrain. It has been fall outd that development these electrification techniques not only help oneselfs in increasing the performance of the vehicle but also makes them more fuel efficient. gum olibanum the electrification in a diesel hybrid powertrain to improve the driveability of vehicle forms the main platform for this research project.Problem StatementOne of the major NVH issues in automobiles is torsional vibrations of driveline. The torsion of drivetrain at high railway locomotive crookednesss causes oscillations in driveline. These oscillations are widely excited by various sources such as rapid or sudden load/tortuosity change, gear change and unevenne ss of road surface. These oscillations cause longitudinal acceleration in vehicle structure and passenger compartment of the vehicle, which thins the soothe and driveability of the vehicle and are experienced as unwanted jerky by the driver and passengers. These part of driveline oscillations are termed as Jerking, which is the main tenseness of this research.The high railway locomotive tortuousnesss at low locomotive locomotive hotfoots makes this phenomenon more joint in modern diesel engines. A sudden/abrupt wardrobe or releasing of accelerator pedal by the driver causing a rapid increase or decrease in engine tortuosity called as tip-in and tip-out respectively, which gives chute to oscillations between oftenness chain of mountains of 2 10 HZ. To reduce these oscillations and to increase the entertain and improve the driveability of vehicle almost kind of anti-jerk tick off is indispensable. In conventional diesel engine vehicles, active restrainer of engin e fuelling and drivers torque demands and peaceful utilization of mechanical isolators such as dual mass flywheel (DMF) are utilise to permit feed forward active and passive damping of these oscillations.Aims and ObjectivesThe aims of the research project are to check out the phenomenon of dork in a diesel hybrid electric vehicle and to electrify the anti-jerk control using the electric move of hybrid vehicle to damp these oscillations. The aims of the project would be realized through following objectivesA feed forward start out in forminging the vehicle driveline to go over driveline jerking using SIMULATION-X. The reply of vehicle during tip-in, tip-out, idle and coast conditions would be studied.To design an active feedback control for electric motor of the hybrid vehicle to permit active damping of the inquired driveline oscillations.To analyse its effects on fuel consumption, entertain and sportiness of the vehicle and comparison with conventional anti-jerk control methods.To study the impact of passive damping of these oscillations using DMF in the driveline.Due to the diverse nature of the project the work has been divided between two students. It was decided that positionling of the driveline bequeath be done by Pavan Mukkamala and Kamal Shamnani provide take care of control design part of the project.Report OverviewAs it raft be seen onwards, the report begins with the introduction to the current scenario of hybrid vehicles, driveability and electrification of vehicle systems. Then problem rention was defined followed by aims and objectives.The next chapter would summarize the undertaken review to understand the research work beginning with analyses of jerking. The literature review also serves as the tooshie to provide the expected response characteristics. It also explains the different control methods employ on a conventional diesel engine vehicle.Chapter 3 lays down the outline of the procedure to be followed for the research project along with project plan. Conclusions based the literature review have been made in chapter 4. literature REVIEWDriveline OscillationsDifferent type of powertrain sorts ( motility wheel drive or pilfer wheel drive), engine type and dynamic response, engine torque at different engine belt alongs and vehicle mass excites different kind of oscillations in vehicle driveline. These oscillations have been summarized below 1Torsion of shaft causes jerking and toss type oscillations in the driveline. Jerking then causes longitudinal acceleration of car body in a frequence betray of 2 5 Hz. The pitch motion frequency is about 1 2.5 Hz.Engine bowel political campaign and engine mount characteristic excites oscillations in a frequency range of 15 200 Hz. Gear box housing cause oscillations in the frequency range between 50 and 80 Hz.Combustion surgical operation, movement of pistons inside the cylinder and engine speed causes oscillations depending upon type of engine, numbe r of cylinders and engine speed. Inline-four cylinder engine types engine exhibit large cyclic fluctuations of torque at idle speed.Driveline Jerking in a Diesel Engine VehicleThe fast response and high torque of modern direct injection diesel engines results in sharp and large changes in driveline torque. however smaller and more powerful modern diesel engines with minify flywheel inertias and reduced mass of powertrain components reduce the initial response to transient throttle demands by the driver. But on the other hand faster response and large changes in driveline torque make them more susceptible towards contemporaries of driveline oscillations. These types of oscillations are commonly referred as driveline jerking, surging, driveline shuffle, driveline judder, jerk oscillations or bonanza effect. 2, 3 and 4.These oscillations are by and large excited callable to the torsional vibrations of driveline when accompanied with sudden torque change. The sudden driveline torqu e change rump be described as tip-in and tip-out manoeuvres. The tip-in and tip-out behaviour are described in externalize-1 as a step excitant and afterwards few seconds a step back to zero 2. The tip-in and tip-out behaviour causes oscillations to engine speed. The difference between engine speed and wheel speed is broadly utilise to describe the torsional oscillations of driveline shown as torsional speed in figure-2-1. These oscillations are genic to the vehicle body from wheel and tire and cause oscillations in vehicle longitudinal acceleration. The oscillations in longitudinal acceleration of vehicle body are shown in figure-2-2. The acceleration of vehicle body oscillates between the frequency range of 2 and 5 Hz. The observed frequency of oscillation is dominated by drivelines first natural frequency. This frequency lies between the sonority frequencies of various handsome human body parts such as shoulders (4 6 Hz), bide (4- 8 Hz) and trunk (3 6 Hz) 5. So, these different body parts whitethorn resonate due to this jerking and indeed very unpleasant for drivers and passengers. run across 2 Effect of Tip-in and Tip-out on Engine and wheel speed 2 prefigure 2 Body acceleration during Tip-in and Tip-out 2.The phenomenon of jerking is more common where the manual of arms of arms clutch is not present, as a human driver uses manual clutch to reduce these vibrations. Whereas in automatic clutch units the design philosophy is to reduce the clutch engagement and disengagement time to prevail limpid torque transfer which gives ascend to driveline oscillations.These oscillations differ at different gear ratios. It has been shown that oscillation frequency increases shifting from first gear to higher gears due to change in damping co-efficient associated with each gear and reflected engine inertia 6. broadly speaking driveline shuffle is also associated with phenomenon of clonk or gear rattling. Clonk is basically a noise which is a by-product o f backlash present in gears. Backlash is allowed to incorporate operating clearances and manufacturing tolerances. The clonk sack up be reduced by increasing the driveline compliancy but side effect of increasing compliance is the increased driveline oscillations hence jerking.Anti-Jerk Control of Conventional VehiclesThe main parameters which govern the severity of jerking response of vehicle whoremonger be termed as engine torque rise rate and driveline compliance. Anti-jerk control acts as the balance between comforter and sportiness of the vehicle. The lessening in driveline oscillations is possible by controlling the engine torque rise rate, which can be done by beamening of drivers torque demands. In a conventional diesel engine vehicle it is done by electronic fuelling control and in a petrol engine vehicle it is done by using spark advance and electronic throttle control. motley manufacturers use the filtering of drivers torque request but this becomes of no use when oscillations are excited by ground roughness.In practice, anti-jerk accountant parameters are experimentally optimized to combine comfort and sportiness of the vehicle 2. The parameters are tuned and accessed, to include non-linearities present in the system, by using various test-runs to find optimal restrainer parameters. in all these parameters are stored in form of different maps and relationship between different engine parameters which are then apply to obtain a feed-forward controller for the vehicle.The reductions in driveline oscillations in conventional drivetrain are possible by various active and passive methods. These includeOptimizing driveline parameters such as compliance of clutch, driveshaft and transmission, gear ratios and inertia of driveline components.Passive reduction of oscillations by adding damping to the system.Active control of engine torque. fashion model Based Anti-Jerk ControlIn past these parameters were obtained by using trial and error methods which may not be fully optimized and this outline takes a lot of time depending upon the knowledge of self-propelled head 2. These days as explained above that optimal anti-jerk control parameters are obtained experimentally by systematic and standardized computer aided test runs. This procedure put away relies on time-consuming test runs. Whereas use of poser can help in analytical assessment of a large number of performance, driveability and comfort parameters with reduced costs and less risk of testing. Simulation can make highly optimized and ideal system parameters out of which only few parameters are required to be checked by real tests which give up a lot of testing time. Due to this a lot of emphasis is attached on use of simulation to obtain the optimal controller parameters and also if possible integration of model based controller in the vehicle is also being considered. A review of model based controller design overture is shown below.Modelling techniquesDrive line of a conventional diesel engine vehicle is made up of an internal combustion engine which is attached to a gearbox through clutch whose output is connected to driveshafts which transmits torque to the wheels. In model based controller design gray-box approach is used to model the drivetrain. According to which driveline can be modelled as lumped parameter model which is made up of rotating bodies with lumped inertias, compliances, damping losses, input torque and load torque through environmental forces 6. Even a complete linear state blank space model based upon this relatively simple transformation of driveline is of 14th identify which is very multi chemical elemential and requires very extensive computational resources to run on a real time engine ECU and is therefore very big-ticket(prenominal) and cannot be implemented for mass production 4. Structure of a complex rear wheel drivetrain is shown in figure -3 4. check 2 A rear wheel drive vehicle driveline structure 4 Thus it is required to define a reliable and low order linear imitation of overall driveline kinetics. Since the purpose of anti-jerk controller is to damp the oscillations at drivelines first rapport mode, some approximations can be made to reduce the model complexity. To change the model it can be assumed that driveline oscillations at first rapport mode are caused due to torsion of drive shafts which can be explained as they are subjected to relatively highest torque since the torque from engine is amplified by the transmission and final drive 1, 7. Clutch due to its higher scratchiness can be considered as not contributing to first resonance mode. All these assumptions can be justified by measurements 1, 7. This reduces the driveline model to a 2nd, 5th or 7th order depending upon the type of drive configuration and flywheel.For a reliable and accurate design of a model-based controller acknowledgment of model parameters is done on basis of measurement data. To incorporat e the non-linearities present in driveline the set of parameters depending upon engine speed can be stored in form of look-up tables resulting in time-variant model which is more accurate and reliable 1, 7. Different techniques such as least square optimization and extended kalman-filter can be used to optimize the non-linearities present in the system to reduce the error. The model can be validated by comparing the simulation results with real behaviour of the car.Controller DesignIn a model based anti-jerk controller design the controller is used in a feedback path. Here also different methodologies have been used to design the control dodging. One of them is to use the model to obtain the controller parameters. Thus in this case model based controller design approach is used to assist the address and to save time on testing 2. This type of control topology is shown in figure 2-4 2.Figure 2 Model based designed controller structure 2In this type of control architecture a two st ep procedure is used to damp the driveline oscillations first the requested driveline torque Tin is filtered to prevent jerking generation and then the feed-back controller minimizes the jerking further. State of the vehicle can be the feedback to the controller which can be engine speed, wheel speed, and vehicle speed etc, based on which variable controller parameters will be chosen from predefined maps. Advantage of this type of control structure is that it can be used to compensate for the disturbances from the ground roughness. The other advantage of this type of control strategy is that it requires only controller variable parameters to be stored in the ECU of the engine which will be extracted by two performance criteria i.e. sportiness of vehicle demanded by the driver and level of comfort required through no longitudinal oscillations 2. The prejudice of this type of controller is that it needs to store different parameter values for different gears and operating points whi ch require the experience and knowledge of automotive engineer to adjust parameter maps. Also it may require some feedback of vehicle states from the vehicle which may be difficult to measure in a vehicle. Also the adjusted parameters values for comfort and sportiness will depend upon the inhering preferences of the engineer. A field of research in this case is the invention of tuneable factor between sportiness and comfort which enables customers to tune their car to their requirement 2.Another approach in model based controller design is the foreshadowive approach i.e. a reduced model of vehicle drivetrain will be include in vehicle ECU which will reproduce the occurrence of jerking before its actual occurrence and output of which is used as controller input which will then avoid jerking before its occurrence 1 , 7 and 4.Figure 2 Model based predictive control structure 1The unwarranted time or the time curb due to engine combustion events is separated from dynamics of process and modelled separately at the end of model which makes the response of the model faster than actual vehicle 1, 7 hence enables the accurate reproduction of oscillations before their occurrence. Structure of a predictive model based controller is shown in figure 2-5 1. These types of controllers are primarily equipped with an reviewer which incorporates the external disturbances such as ground surface roughness and compensates the model inaccuracies by including a feedback between model output and actual process output 1 and 7. The response of observer is faster than that of the process to make the plastered state error zero after a short full point of time due to this its design is done separately and values for different engine speeds and demanded torques are stored in form of look up tables. idea locus method is used for designing these kind of controllers. An advantage of using this type of controller is that less dependence on automotive engineer to adjust parameter maps. However an appropriate compromise between comfort and sportiness needs to be defined. One of the ways to increase sportiness is to deliberately delay the activation of controller until initial vehicle acceleration. This type of method can give the user an option of different modes for example, sporty, everyday and comfort by changing the controller values 4. It can also predict system states which are difficult to measure on a real vehicle hence a more accurate system response can be obtained. At the same time this type of controller can be very expensive as it requires significant computational resources added on to vehicle driveline ECU.Hybrid Vehicle DrivelineA hybrid vehicle is a vehicle in which powertrain has more than one source of power, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has an internal combustion engine and an electric mould/motor. HEVs powertrain can be classified as series or twin hybrid systems. A series hybrid system is one in which electric motor provides all the torq ue required for vehicle propulsion whereas a parallel hybrid system allows torque input from any internal combustion engine or electric motor or from some(prenominal). Hybrid electric vehicles are the most important topic of research for the past few years.A series hybrid vehicle driveline does not have a direct mechanical link between the engine and driveline. It is connected to a writer which in turn provides electric picture to power electronics. The electric machine/motor is connected generally through a single speed gearbox, final drive and drive shafts to wheels. Thus driveline oscillations in a series hybrid vehicle will be present, connatural to a conventional vehicle. The main difference will be because of propulsion mechanism which is an electric motor. Regarding the anti-jerk control for a series hybrid vehicle, it can be done by active control of electric motor torque. It has been explained in a publication by Borodani and Ambrosio 3 in which an active robust contr ol algorithm based on the H control technique was designed for a Fiat Bravo 1600 cc for electric only mode.In a parallel hybrid vehicle driveline both engine and motor are mechanically connected to the wheels through clutch, an automatic gearbox and drive shafts. The vibration modes of parallel hybrid driveline are similar to a conventional vehicle. A similar strategy can be used to minimize the jerking as used for conventional vehicles in engine only mode. Whereas an active control of electric motor torque can also be used to prevent jerking. As there is not lavish evidence of work done regarding the investigation of jerking and development of anti-jerk control for hybrid vehicles, this will be a topic of this research.Figure 2 Block diagram of hybrid drivetrain to be usedElectric motor in a hybrid vehicle driveline gives an luck to electrify the anti-jerk control which then can be compared with conventional methods of anti-jerk control for fuel consumption, degree of comfort and sportiness of the vehicle. A parallel four wheel driven diesel hybrid electric driveline with dual mass flywheel (DMF) of a sport utility vehicle will be used to investigate the driveline oscillation and then to design an active feedback control for electric motor to damp these oscillations. Vehicle drive configuration can be changed to front wheel drive by unlocking the central coupler. The effect electric real axle drive (ERAD) will not be considered for anti-jerk control design. The driveline is shown in figure 2-6. Some important components of driveline and their effect are explained belowIntegrated shabu Generator (ISG)As name suggests ISG replaces both conventional starter and alternator/generator to a single electronically controlled device. An ISG can convert electrical vigor to mechanical energy to start an engine and also mechanical energy to electrical energy to power all electrical systems in a vehicle such as lights, air conditioning etc and to charge battery. An ISG serves common chord important functions start-stop, electricity generation and power assistance 8. It allows engine start-stop functionality to save fuel instead of idling when vehicle is not in motion. ISG generates electricity from spinning crankshaft of vehicle to charge the battery. In a hybrid vehicle an ISG can provide power assist to the engine during the boost-mode. Although it cannot propel a vehicle on its own but it can assist the engine and can be used to store energy while regenerative braking. The ISG is generally used in mild hybrids. An ISG can provide retarding force on crankshaft to generate electricity during braking this feature of ISG can be used for anti-jerk control. treble muckle FlywheelA dual mass flywheel DMF consists of two rotating flywheels primary and secondary connected by long travel arc-springs 7. Figure -7 shows the structure of a basic DMF 4. A DMF can be used to mechanically isolate the driveline oscillations arising from high speed engine osc illations by decoupling the transmission from engine. It filters out the engine irregularities completely. Due to the smooth operation of secondary flywheel and transmission input shaft gear rattle is significantly reduced. DMF can provide good vibration isolation at low engine speeds which in turn reduces the fuel consumption of a vehicle. Due to its excellent vibration isolation and damping attributes, DMF today is found in many vehicle drivelines including low budget cars 4. But despite of its advantaged DMF increases the system complexity. DMF is basically a spring damper unit having highly non-linear characteristics. It can temporarily store energy due to which it applies a reaction torque on internal combustion engine and alters the engine speed signboard which is used by ECU. It increases the probability of undesirable side effects such as jerking.Figure 2 Dual Mass flywheel structure 4 appendageProcedure of workDriveline vibration is mainly a problem of engine torque profil e and compliances of components in the driveline. To study the effect of jerking in hybrid vehicles a model of driveline with all system complexities will be developed using a SIMULATION-X. The simulation-X model will be a complex model replicating the complete dynamic behaviour of the vehicle. As the frequency range of interest is 2-5 Hz, drivelines first natural frequency the model will be reduced according to a final model to be implemented for the design on controller which can accurately predict the oscillations in the craved frequency range.An active feed-back control for electric motor torque and for engine fuelling control will be designed by implementing the reduced model in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Then both controllers will be implemented in the actual complex model in SIMULATION-X to observe the system performance in terms of fuel consumption, level of comfort and sportiness.Simulation toolSimulation-XSimulation-X has been chosen to investigate the phenomenon of jerking for the project due to its very user friendly graphical user interface. This interface provides a very intuitive and efficient lumped parameter fashion model approach for modelling dynamic systems. It can model various physical systems (i.e. Electronics, Mechanics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, Thermal etc) with much ease. It also allows for the signal and equation based modelling ideal for control systems. Another important feature of Simulation-X is the ease of parameterization i.e. it is very easy to define the system complexities and parameters depending upon the requirement. It has numerous possibilities for visualization, depth psychology and recording a large number of results associated with each element of a model. It is very beneficial for modal analysis as it can easily extract the dynamics of system by showing the modes of vibrations and the cause of these resonance modes. This feature is very handy and multipurpose for this research project as it can be used to classify between th e causes of oscillations in the driveline and thereby helping to reduce the model for the desired frequency range.Project PlanCONCLUSIONSOn the basis of literature review it can be stated that the high change in engine or load torque excites oscillations in vehicle driveline, known as jerking causing horizontal acceleration in vehicle body. The frequency of jerking lies in resonance frequency range of various untoughened body parts as a result it is entirely undesirable by the drivers. Comfort and driveability issues raise the need for anti-jerk control.There has not been enough work done on anti-jerk control for hybrid electric vehicles since not many hybrid electric vehicles are available in market. some other than the conventional methods, electrification of anti-jerk control can be done in a hybrid electric vehicle which will be the main aim of the research project.A model based controller design approach can be regarded as efficient and reliable. It can assist an automotive e ngineer in deciding control parameters for the controller, also it can be implemented directly to vehicle for anti-jerk control by reducing the order of driveline model.Driveline oscillations can also be damped using passive damping methods such as using DMF which will be studied as a part of research project.REFERENCES1 Kiencke, U. and Nielsen, L. (2005), Automotive Control Systems for Engine, Driveline and Vehicle, Springer, Berlin, Germany.2 Grotjahn, M., Quernheim, L. and Zemke, S. (2006), Modeling Identification of car driveline dynamics for anti jerk controller design, ICM 2006 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics , 1-4244-9713-4/06.3 Borodani, P. and Ambrosio, C. (2002), Robust control of active damping of a hybrid vehicle driveline shuffle, MED2002 Conference.4 Walter, A. Kiencke, U., Jones, S. and Winkler, T. (2008), Anti-Jerk calorie-free Speed Control with Integrated Sub-Harmonic Vibration Compensation for vehicles with Dual Mass Flywheels, SAE Inter national Powertrains, Fuels and Lubricants Congress Shanghai, China, 2008-01-1737.5 McDevitt, I. (2005), Torsional Vibrations of Vehicle Driveline, MSc Thesis, Automotive Product Engineering, Cranfield University.6 Lee, H.C. (2006), Driveline vibration control of electric vehicle, MSc Thesis, Automotive Product Engineering, Cranfield University.7 Baumann, J., Torkzadeh, D., Ramstein, A., Kiencke, U. and Schlegl, T. (2005), Model-based Predictive Anti-Jerk Control, Control Engineering Practice 14 (2006) 259-266.8 Viorel, I., Szabo, L., Lowenstein, L. and Stet, C (2004), Integrated Starter-Generators for Automotive Applications, Acta Electrotehnica, passel 45 Number 3 2004.9 Reik, W., Seebacher, R. and Kooy, A. (1998), Dual Mass Fly-wheel.