Bahasa Indonesia Essay Example for Free

Bahasa Ind starsia EssayMy Educational background, academic and bare(a) curricular and work experience are as follows. I am currently pursuing an international baccalaureate commandment in Sekolah Pelita Harapan in Tangerang Indonesia that is equivalent to a 2 year diploma. The courses I have undertaken implicate line of business management (Higher Level / HL), English A2 (HL), Theatre Arts (HL), Bahasa Indonesia A1 (SL), Mathematics (SL), and Environmental Systems (SL). I forecast to score a distinction on my final exam.I have been involved in extra curricular activities since primary level these include theater arts where I have participated in plays alike the Sandbox by Edward Albee, Shakespearean Monologues and the Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde. My key role has been in charge of costume design, setting and construction. I have been involved in painting and drawing, participated in euphony especially playing the piano as well as learnt Japanese language.I have participated in many sporting events during my school time and received awards such as fitness where I was awarded with princely equivalent to the international standard, hockey as goal keeper, ice-skating and become first runners-up and basketball. I also participated in the athletics where I become third winner. Apart from sports, during my leisure time I take in set-aside(p) in philanthropy work such as volunteer as English teacher in local orphanages and organize special events like in Christmas 2007.I have participated and coordinated the Indonesias 2007 charity walk where we raised money to support flood victims for purchase of medicine and personal effects. In access am involved in Sunday school teaching. During my summer holidays I work in the family businesses relations in supplying of merchandise to companies in Indonesia and in the printing firm contracted by vauntingly companies. I have learnt a lot of business skills from my family members especially dad a nd grand father. They have introduced me to the business world which makes me consider expanding my experience and skills that will make me better and productive.I am applying for consideration for assenting to FIDM in the following majors i. e merchandise marketing, visual communication and business management. I am aware that FIDM offers all these majors. I believe I will be able to undertake these courses so that I can sharpen my skills. For instance in Merchandise marketing I would like to get knowledge and skills about planning, purchasing, promotion of merchandise, technology application, human resource development and critical thinking among another(prenominal)s.In Visual communications am much interested in acquiring skills in visual presentation, exhibition and trade show design, retail display, barge in keeping, event planning, trend analysis and computer graphics. While in business management am quite excited if I get these chance to broaden my knowledge on entrepren eurship, financial management, human resource management and organization, global influence, involvement and management. I have considered this playing area of profession since my childhood. I have thought about it over and over again for a huge time.Given the fact that I was born in business environment, my interest for really integrating means and business tickles me. Am persuaded this is the area of my interest and career fulfillment. The reasons for me to chose this college among all your other choices is that Fashion constitute of intent Merchandising (FIDM) is an institute that is reputed internationally in the fashion effort. It has experience of over 35 years in teaching with a unique nature by which the college delivers its curriculum such as being industry driven and practically oriented to the present development.The institute has a diverse community of learners and staff from different backgrounds which gives opportunity for broader correspondence of global issu es. It has well equipped academic materials. This exposure will enhance my understanding of global issues and help me appreciate diversity. The other support services provided such as international student support classes, work experience, transfer offers, student resources and career development services and opportunities such as networking, grade alumni and career placement after college are other important reasons I would like to attend FIDM than other colleges.I consider this college as a place where I can gain knowledge and skills to help me in my career goals and future plans. After I have completed my college studies I would like to prosecute a career in fashion industry especially costume design, creativity and business management. I like watching fashion modeling events with a keen eye on creative design. I have intention of creating my own designs that I would like to be involved in and become one of the world fashion designers.The exposure I have gained from family busi nesses I have worked and knowledge I counter to gain from attending FIDM will surely enhance my entrepreneurship skills and ambition to own a fashion store business with wide collection of world fashion designs. I would like also to pursue my education to an advanced level so that I can train and nature talents in my country. I am convinced that this is where I want to go and make an impact in the fashion industry. REFERENCES Fashion Institute of Design and Management. (2008). Curriculum. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http//www. fidm. edu/academics/majors/business-management/curriculum. html

Macroeconomic Situation Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomic Situation EssayThe economic site in the United States today could be considered as one of the deepest crisis the mankind has seen in so some(prenominal) years. The GDP process rate of the country has decreased and ultimately got in the negative figures. The GDP growth rate in the year 2009 was -2. 4%, the inflation rate of the nation got around at 2. 2%. After the credit crisis and the subprime crisis, the overall economy was hampered with phases of rapid unemployment and bailouts for biggest financial sector companies. The overall trust in the service sector was reduced to a considerable level. The unemployment rate in April 2010 was estimated around at 9.9%. delinquent to continuous decrease in the growth rate of economy, the level of public debt also increased and reached $12. 28 trillion (January 2010) which is 84% of GDP. (National Economic Accountsnd) But after the deep recession period, the economy is ultimately showing some signs of relief and reco genu inely now. Though the expected growth rates are fluent negative, still the cumulative growth rates are expected to be better in the sexual climax financial year. Provided the amount of the economic unscrambling the nation had witnessed in winter 2008-2009, the recovery pattern is still very weak, most importantly in persistent financial difficulties.The US congress and Federal Reserve invite taken a number of steps in order to ensure that the current financial pin down could be stabilized and active efforts could be made towards recovery and growth. The most extraordinary of those were producing a unproblematic Dealer Credit Facility and helping the acquisition of Bear Stearns by J. P. Morgan Chase. The Federal Reserve on with the Congress has continued to use the conventional macroeconomic tools in order to combat the current situation. (The electric current Economic Situationnd)The bailouts and government intervention into an otherwise free market are indications of such st eps initiated by them. Taking account of the steps taken by Federal Reserve, the short term rates go for fallen but still the amount of risk in the interbank loan market has not changed lots over the time. References The Current Economic Situation Retrieved on fifth June 2010 from website http//www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/90xx/doc9078/Chapter2. 4. 1. shtml National Economic Accounts Retrieved on 5th June 2010 from website http//www. bea. gov/national/index. htm

An Ethical Issue Essay Example for Free

An Ethical Issue Essayeuthanasia is a hotly debated ethical issue these days, and in that location ar certain arguments for and against its practice. Arguments against euthanasia are commonly based on the sanctity of animation, and such arguments are often compatible with religion, just now arguments for euthanasia bear upon individual liberty, and a desire to prevent more misfortunate than is absolutely necessary.In this paper, I condition to address arguments for and against euthanasia, and explain why it is an ethical issue, and conclude that euthanasia, in both(prenominal) grimaces, should be permissible. Euthanasia is outlined as the distressless termination of some iodins action, but the ethical dilemma surrounding the subject field has to do with whether or non it is alright to euthanize someone who is in a vegetative state, and dismiss no longer think for him or herself, and whether or non attended suicide is mor e very(prenominal) last(predicate)y accep table.The first of these scenarios would fee-tail someone, such as a family member or doc, destroying the demeanor of someone who is in big(p) pain following an accident, but cannot express their accept wishes (whether or not they wish to remain on a feeding tube, or on living support) beca engross of physical body persecute, and this is known as in prompt euthanasia.The other issue, the one of physician assisted suicide, entails someone like a physician assisting someone who is in great pain, but not in need of life support, in committing suicide, maybe by administering a lethal dose of medication, to alleviate the uncomplainings pain, and this is known as active euthanasia. Both active and passive euthanasia are highly debated ethical issues, as they concern the value of life, and whether or not people are justified in prolonging a life of anguish, or terminating a life of misery.Recently, there have been m any(prenominal) controversial cases of euthanasia, or its possib ility in cases where it seems necessary to some, such as the cases of mendelevium Kevorkian, and Terry Schiavo. The main ethical issues in the cases where Dr. Kevorkian euthanized (performed physician-assisted suicide on) some of his uncomplainings regards whether or not a patient should have the potential to decide his or her own fate, and thusly whether or not a physician should be held accountable for supporting, and aiding in a patients decision to end his or her life.This essentially boils down to the question of whether or not someone can choose to end their life when that mortal is in constant pain, but the issue would be complicated by the efforts needed in find out who is in enough pain to be permitted to actively end his or her life, which brings up the question of why everyone cannot choose to terminate their passs.And patients in hospitals do have the right to passively charge themselves, by starving, or refusing treatment, so in some cases, when a patient is pre pared to take such measures to end his or her life, it would seem morally permissible for a physician to painlessly facilitate that patients suicide. In the case of someones euthanasia by the move of a feeding tube or the termination of life support, the ethical dilemma surrounds the family, or physicians authority, when it comes to forcing the soul who has brain damage to forfeit medical attention.A patient who is not in a vegetative state can refuse treatment, as that is not actively killing him or herself, but the question in the case of passive euthanasia is whether or not anyone other than the patient who might or might not refuse treatment due to severe pain if he or she were not in a vegetative state would have the authority to pull the plug on that persons behalf, if the patient had not made his or her desired wishes clear.Religion plays a huge roll in service of process people to believe that euthanasia should not be morally permissible, as just about religions include some aspect about the sanctity of life, and based on that, they discourage suicide or killing in any form. Christianity in particular regards suicide as a sin, and that sets it difficult for people who wish to dull because they are in too much pain, but their religion preaches against suicide.It is even against the law to commit suicide, but lately there have been questions coming out about whether people who are intensely pained by there illness should be exempt from this law, and whether or not doctors would be allowed to aid these wo(e) patients by providing them with lethal pills, or putting them to sleep by giving them extra doses of their medication.This is active euthanasia, where a patient, or doctor, or the combination of the ii, take action to terminate life, rather than let it painfully watch for a long time, as the patient takes medicine and food, or making it drag on for a short, immensely painful period in the case where a patient refuses medication and food. For the most part, any argument against euthanasia must somehow be based on a view that life is sacred, and should never be sacrificed, at any cost, even when there is great pain to be dealt with if the life is prolonged.Religious people dont argue that we cant kill ourselves, or get others to do it, a BBC member about religion and morals reports. They know that we can do it because God has given us fall by the wayside ordain. Their argument is that it would be wrong for us to do so. They believe that every human being is the psychiatric hospital of God, and that this imposes certain limits on us. Our lives are not only our lives for us to do with as we see fit.To kill oneself, or to get someone else to do it for us, is to deny God, and to deny Gods rights over our lives and his right to choose the space of our lives and the way our lives end. This summarizes a religious viewpoint that holds that euthanasia is not morally permissible. but for people who are not religious, a more basic argument in favor of euthanasia seems to arise, and that is simply whether or not people should be allowed to forfeit their lives if they are completely unsatisfied with them, or are sternly pained by them.So, that might concern a simple case where someone is slowly expiry of a terrible disease, and his medication deters the pain to some degree, but he is still miserable. Should that person be allowed to actively (or request that a physician actively) end his life, because he would rather forfeit his life than live on in pain and suffering? That seems to be a highly controversial issue, and from this perspective, it seems that euthanasia should be supported, at least to some degree.This could easily be a pro-euthanasia argument, as the person in pain has the right to forego medication, and refuse food and other life-sustaining attributes, which would lead to the patients shoemakers last later a period of maximal pain, but the patent, without euthanasia, would not have the right to forfeit his life without enduring the pain from the scenario where he refuses treatment if active euthanasia is not permissible. Some experts are gunning for a compromise.Zhu Tiezhi, a media commentator, A China Daily article reports, suggests the right-to-die prerequisites the applicant must have a ending illness that causes agonizing pain, and the diagnosis must be verified by at least two doctors the applicant must be in a clear state of mind when he applies for it, and the operation process should be repeated at least twice to make sure it is not a spur-of-the-moment thought. This article was written after a patient who had throat cancer jumped out of a window to end his life after he was told that physicians were unable to assist him in doing so.So it seems that in certain cases, euthanasia is a more humane way for one to end his or her life than to manufacture a way him or herself. Our job is to save lives, and we dont have the right to mercy killing, utter an of ficial at the Changsha hospital, an official at the hospital in the Hunan Province of China, where the man committed suicide, stated. barely in certain cases, lives may only be prolonged, painfully, for a short time, so euthanasia would then represent a painless way of alleviating a suffering patients agony.Chantal Sebire knows shes forcing people to make an agonizing decision, but agony is something she knows far too much about, Bruce Crumley includes in his article, entitled Making a Case for Euthanasia. The 52- year-old Dijon schoolteacher suffers from a rare disease that has left her disfigured by facial tumors, which will also damage her brain over time and eventually kill her. Her demand that French semipolitical leaders loosen laws against euthanasia has been rebuffed, so Sebire now awaits a judges decision on whether existing legislation allows doctors to assist her in ending her pain-racked life.I no longer accept this enduring pain, and this protrude eye that nothing c an be done about, Crumley writes. And unfortunately, the statutory system of most countries do not recognize euthanasia as a permissible alternative to prolonged suffering, which causes many to live on in pain, wishing that they could terminate their lives instead of continuing on in agony. This seems like a comely right that everyone should be entitled to exercise if the time is right.People should not be forced to, because of the heavy issues surrounding the issue, and anyone (such as a physician) involved, be forced to live on in agony when they could end it all by euthanasia. It seems that laws forbidding active euthanasia, or mercy killings, is based on the principle that all life is sacred, and that even extreme suffering should be fundamentally imposed on people if it could march on without their death. So death is legally regarded as impermissible when it is in any way caused by man. But what about the death penalty?There is a scenario where the government does not view life as the most sacred institution, so if exceptions are allowed, why not provide one that alleviates the constant suffering and agonies that plague people who have certain medical conditions, but are not allowed to self-terminate? A French woman suffering from an incurable and disfiguring cancer was found dead on Wednesday, two days after a court rejected her request for medical assistance to help end her life, a descent close to the government said, an article from reuters.com reported of the woman who had petitioned to have a physician assist her in suicide. Chantal Sebire, 52, whose face was swollen and distorted by a rare tumour in her sinuses, won non-buoyant media coverage and the compassion of many French people in her bid to set a legal precedent for patients like her seeking to end their suffering. A court in the eastern city of Dijon control on Monday that Sebire could not have a doctor help her die because it would breach both the enactment of medical ethics and the law, under which assisted suicide is a crime. But it seems that the code of medical ethics should make exceptions in certain cases of euthanasia. Forcing someone to die slowly in accordance with some enfeeble disease is in no way more ethical or more humane than permitting that person to terminate his or her life painlessly. After nine years, 130 deaths, and six trials, Dr. Death yap Kevorkian ultimately faces jail time for killing a desperate man who came to him for help and found only death, Liz Townsend writes in her article, Kevorkians Nine-Year Euthanasia Crusade Leads to Murder Conviction.Thomas Youks death by lethal injection, administered directly by Kevorkian and nationally televised on 60 Minutes, led to a second-degree murder conviction March 26, but Youk was only one of many people who died to advance Kevorkians euthanasia crusade. We believe the verdict should have been premeditated murder, but were very elated by the second-degree verdict, said Diane Coleman of the disability-rights group Not Dead Yet, according to the Associated Press. We want to see Jack Kevorkian imprisoned for life.Its clear he has no respect for people with disabilities. But is assisted suicide rattling a impingement of the rights of someone who is disabled? In cases of physician-assisted suicide, the patient would not think so. A violation of the rights of the disabled would be ignoring a plea for assisted suicide, which would end pain and suffering. But perhaps the most basic argument for permissability of euthanasia, in at least extreme cases, should be in regards to everyones face-to-face liberty.By that argument, people may say that everyone should have the right to do as they please when it concerns their own body. But an argument against personal liberty might state that similar arguments would allow drug use and other impermissible activities. So What is to be done? It seems that the best thing to do would be to, when physicians can gauge someones mental apti tude, allow them to actively euthanize themselves, or assist him or her in doing so, if the patient is mentally competent, and wishes to end his or her life.And in the case of a family pulling the plug on someone (passive euthanasia) it should be permissible at all times if the patient had previously expressed a desire to die rather than remain on life support.Works CitedAppleton, Michael et al. At Home with Terminal Illness A Family Guide to Hospice in the Home. Upper Saddle River, NJ scholar Hall, 1995. Barnard, C Good Life, Good Death a Doctors Case for Euthanasia and Suicide.Hbk 146pp Prentice-Hall 1980. Bold and provocative guide by the famous heart surgeon. Battin, Margaret P. The Death Debate Ethical Issues in Suicide. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 1996. The Law Society the British Medical Association. Assessment of Mental Capacity Guidance for Doctors Lawyers. Pbk 152pp British Medical Association 1995. Randall, F, Downie, R. Palliative Care Ethics A Good Com panion Pbk, 202pp Oxford University Press 1996.

American Revolutionary War General Essay Example for Free

American revolutionist warfare commonplace EssayThe American Revolution was the course by which numerous American colonies became an main(a) nation. It involved novel ideas grounded on republicanism and needed success in a wide battle with Britain. sideline the competitiveness that raged for n premature a year, the United States declared independence in 1776, as an autonomous state and naturalised a coalition with France that leveled the naval and multitude might of the two nations. The fundamental cause was the British governments refusal to permit Americans voice their concerns in setting duties. During the pre-revolutionary conclusion, some far-famed events such as the Braddocks expedition influenced the revolutionary path. The Braddocks expedition commenced in 1755 in Pennsylvania . Among the volunteers during the expedition was Daniel Morgan who is considered peerless of the close victorious field leaders during the American Revolution. The tales of this renowned patriot and the regiments that operated infra his command in the Boston siege, ravish of Quebec, the obliteration of Burgoynes lodges at spotted bonytongue as well as his ruin conquer of Banastre Tarleton cannot be forgot ecstasy.Not much is known concerning the Daniel Morgans early life. It is generally thought that he was born in New Jersey in the year 1736 . His early life was signified by a rough frontiersmen outlook. He left fieldfield original home when he was a child and earned in Winchester, Virginia. Morgan was remarkably strong and a tireless, hard functional worker. He started by employing himself out further within a very short expiration of time earned ample confidence from his boss to be in charge of the bosss sawmill. Although Morgan would sink into debts severally, he managed to save sufficient m matchlessy to establish an autonomous wagon.Generally, Morgan was a prosperous captain, militia, farmer and a respectable citizen. When in 1775, the Continental Congress authorise the recruitment of two firms of Virginia riflemen, Morgan was the unchallenged choice from his Virginia County to recruit and head genius of them. Early Career Daniel Morgan had an inflexible spirit together with rapid wit made him a favorite amongst the people and before long most of the colleagues from Berryville and Winchester looked upon him as their leader .An agitated and high-spirited individual, he abandoned home in his early teens and establish in Virginia. The muscular man was repeatedly in problems with the laws for affraying in taverns and failing to pay fare debts and liquor. As a trucker, he accompanied the unfortunate Braddocks expedition. His career started his career by working as a planter but was later given a job to work as a trucker for a wagon. within a degree of six months, Daniel had saved sufficient specie to purchase own team and cart and became a trucker infra his own management on the Great Wagon Road .This road started in Phil adelphia, traversing via Lancaster, shifted southward to Maryland, Frederick, traversed through Winchester, crossed the middle and easterly sections of Virginia Valley ending up in wedlock Carolina. Morgans first hand experience of trade union Carolina and southwest Virginia added to his eye-catching defeat of Tarleton and the adjacent idiotic t processics of Cornwallis to arrest him resulting to the British conquer at Yorktown as the American Revolution ended . Braddocks Expedition The war of Monongahela commenced in 1755, ascend the location of contemporary- solar day Braddock, Pennsylvania.After it ended, over quintette coke British forces lay dead and approximately cinque snow were wounded . Only three hundred managed to escape the menace uninjured including George Washington . Edward Braddock, a British commander had been fatally wounded and succumbed to injuries several days later. Braddocks men suffered badly from the initial stages of the war. The Tactics used by Ind ians were supremely appropriate for woodland battle. Battle between the French and British on the border implied concomitantal work for Daniel who volunteered ferrying materials for the British forces.The rival assertions of England and France for the rich valleys southwest of Alleghenies had started to acquire slaughter. The French had already conquered the England fort determined on the Allegheny Rivers and Monongahela and Washington had rendered to repossess it only to have got defeat at Great Meadows. Colonel Braddock was dispatched from Britain to conquer the tracts on the western side of the mountains. He brought a force comprising a collection of hitman and two regiments. There was need to procure transportation and Daniel volunteered his services.In addition to the regulars, Braddock in any case enjoyed the company of several men and camp followers. The forces were gathered at Cumberland pending the Braddocks arrival. The commence was to proceed but the mission was de layed for several days while teams and wagons were found to carry the equipments and baggage. one time the regiment was in motion the journey was extremely slow. The roads were dominated by creeks and swamps and the terrains rough. Braddock made a decision to walk ahead with one thousand two hundred men and to abandon the artillery and baggage with Colonel Dunbar.Dunbars forces set camp at Great Meadows, the dawdlers started arriving with information concerning Braddocks defeat. Fear and threat spread throughout the entire camp at the imagination that the enemy might attack. The following day most of the troops went back home together with most of the teams and wagons, abandoning the helpless and wounded. Due to the nature of Daniels work, he was among those in the wagon trains when Braddocks forces were assaulted and nearly eliminated by an Indian and French alliance kinda of materials, Daniel found himself ferrying wounded soldiers .The condition on the Virginia frontier and Pen nsylvania was ominous. The Braddocks defeat left the border open for the murdering and robbing of the border populace. At a period when condition demanded all men to be available to safeguard the defenseless population, Dunbar and his troops left for Philadelphia. The Virginias administration met the condition with swiftness and energetically raised an extra force of sixteen firms to a lower place Washington to protect the frontier. Washington assigned forces at different places along the frontier. Morgan was assigned the responsibility of ferrying supplies along the defense lines.This was an extremely risky job as a trucker and was regularly exposed to serious dangers from the loitering foe. Morgan escaped death narrowly no several occasions. Experience with British Forces In the year 1756, Daniel experienced a dreadful disagreement with a lieutenant from Britain . The officer had been offended by something Daniel had articulated and after abusing him verbally he hit him with the knock against of his blade. Daniels instantaneous right cross hit the officer meaningless knocking him cold. The defiant act led to speedy military justice.The British laws were excessive on this form of crime and Daniel was accorded five hundred strokes, the harshest penalty possible. Such punishments were neither uncommon for the British forces nor was it unusual for men to pass away under the stroke. He obtained all of the punishment except one stroke. Daniel was too strong to pass away, but the familiarity left his body a piece of hamburger and bone . Once the wounds healed over, no(prenominal)theless, he acquired a invaluable visual aid that proved important to him severally. It was articulated that the penalty would have murdered a slighter man.Until this period Daniel had not commanded anyone. He had helped Braddock and in return got wrongly trodden for his endeavors. The battle frenzied on and extended to the croup of the blue hills. assemble Louden and Fort Cumberland were attacked by the foe prevailing just two hundred miles away from Daniels dwelling in Winchester. The militia was called to Fort Garrison and Daniel headed the forces towards the fort and commanded to for some period. Although none of his position is documented, it is widely assumed that he commanded the garrison. Shortly after his arrival, a body of Indians and French attacked Fort Edwards.Owing to Daniels leadership and bravery, the assault was halted. The battalion sallied forward and surpassed their enemies wounding and killing numerous Indians as the escaped in all directions. In 1758, General Forbes, the leader of the British battalion planned to assault Fort Duquesne Daniel was suggested by leading officers of Virginia for the captaincy post. Governor Dinwiddie rejected the recommendation and only an ensigns charge was obtainable. Daniel accepted the charge and was positioned at different forts beside the border in 1758 .Devastating Attack Daniel was dispatched from thes e forts with a company of two defense force . He was assaulted by a group of Indians and French. The defense forces were blamed and fell right away off the horsebacks. Daniel was stroke by a gunshot that pierced via his neck, excoriation one part of his neck-bone, and then passing via the mouth . The gunshot removed all of Daniels teeth, but surprising enough didnt harm the jawbone. In other words, Daniels head had been shot. Although wounded terribly, Daniel never fell from the horseback.The blood oozed effortlessly out of the gunshot wound and he was vulnerably weak, yet in such circumstances he was capable of keeping his feelings long enough to run away from extra harm. The horse he rode on panicked at first and froze, But Daniel seized her neck in an attempt to spurn her on . Incredibly, the horse curved and headed back to the fort. The Indians, assuming Daniel was fatally wounded, descended upon the defense forces searching for scalps. Daniel, to a fault assuming he was just about to perish, speeded the horse to escape from his chasers to avoid mangling of his body.Daniels horse arrived at the fort when he was insensible. He remained in a critical condition for a long period of time, but with judicious treatment and good care, he recovered. Daniel later went back to Fredrick where his manly and bravery mien had accorded him a high standing amongst his folks. Experience as a Lieutenant The Indian and French War ended and it seemed as if Daniel would get a chance to lead a nonviolent live. But following the peace treaty Pontiacs battle broke out, an onslaught that destroyed the whole Western Frontier.Virginia reacted by recalling militia into active service to assist the existing battalion already stationed on the border. The forces were put under the authority of Colonel Stevens. Daniel was posted as a lieutenant in the regiment. In a crucial battle, the Indians were conquered and obligate to implement a peace agreement without Daniel participating in the battle. The band of soldiers was disbanded and therefore ended the war. attractor of County Militia In 1771, the governor of Virginia, William nelson commissioned Daniel as Captain of Frederick Countys militia .This was a period of nifty extension on Virginia border, a development which disappointed Indian populace. Great carnages were happening in places such as Kentucky and Virginias populace feared that the trouble would spread to Virginia quickly. Their fears were confirmed and atrocities were committed by a band of settlers, instigating Dunmores War. Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, was confident to deal with the issue himself. He commanded a humongous battalion from the northern region to be organized and four brigades of volunteers and militia to be arranged in the southwestern regions.While staffing for these regiments was being executed, a defense force was recruited to position itself between the border and the settlements under McDonald command. It was under t he command of McDonald that Daniel took the leadership. He recruited several men and proceeded to Wheeling in Virginia to link up with McDonald. major McDonald was initially requested to assume a defensive location, but decided to launch offenses due to overleap of arrangements with the Indians. Daniels forces rapidly pushed the Indians from their locations forcing them to retreat.An Experienced Fighter By the year 1775 Daniel was an assessed and country fighter. He was capable of fighting using Indians methods of fighting and was proficient in using Pennsylvania gun, a long, thin tool of great accuracy and range. Not amazingly, when the Congress commanded the recruitment of ten firms of border riflemen to work as light infantry, Daniel was selected as a captain. After the U. S revolutionary War started at the skirmish of Concord and Lexington, the Congress established the famous Continental Army.The Congress gathered and called for creation of rifle firms from colonies to assist the Boston Siege and General Washington was named the commander of the army. It permitted the recruitment of twenty thousand men into the army. Congress also required ten firms of riflemen to be called into service in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania states. Among the companies provided by Virginia State, Daniel Morgan was chosen as the leader of one rifle firm by the commission of Frederick County through an undisputed vote . Daniels first earthshaking assignment surfaced in 1775, when worked in Benedict Arnolds voyage that attacked Canada .Exposed to the waist and sporting Indian breechlout and leggings, Morgan led the expedition. During the assault, he took momentary command Montogomerys murder. He battled valiantly against the foe until ultimately overpowered by larger numbers and forced to surrender. Although Daniel spent eight months in an English detention prior to exchange, his notable achievements at Quebec gave him merited acknowledgment. He was endorsed for the post o f colonel and provided with a special force of light infantry comprising five hundred selected backwoodsmen. Achievements during RevolutionSaratoga War Daniels light forces had its best moments in the Saratoga battle of 1777, when he rushed to help the northern army, then refuting the southward campaign from Canada of General Burgoyne . Burgoyne had witnessed his forces repulsed at Bennington and Oswego and his weapons run precariously thin in New York. During the battle, American colonel Horatio permitted Burgoyne to exploit his supplies in unsuccessful probes. Morgan was used by render to annoy and delay the enemy. The rifleman, utilizing their woodland knowledge effectively killed many redcoats.Soon enclosed by doorways forces and bands of militiamen, Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga. As other attacks in the south were being evaluated, Britains standing among the colonies was tarnished both(prenominal) militarily and politically with enemies as well as friends. Morgan went bac k to Washingtons forces with splendor and flat joined army politics. He believed his achievements would earn him a larger command as well as promotion particularly because a novel light infantry was being formed. However, the Congress felt that Virginians fielded sufficient Generals and offered the authority to a Pennsylvanian, Anthony Wayne.Cowpens War After a long period of inactivity, Morgan chose to accomplish his stand at Cowpens after the American grounds brightened in the South with a novel leader, Nathanael Greene who dispatched him into South Carolina . Confident to eliminate Daniel before attacking the higher south, Cornwallis dispatched Tarleton to pursue him. Daniels assumed advantage of Tarletons behavior for rapid action and his disregard for the inexperienced militia and the accuracy and longer range of Virginia riflemen. The gunmen were located to the frontline while both the regulars and militia remained behind.The first units were required to withdraw upon being t hreatened thus kindle a premature attack. During the campaign, Morgan famed himself as a leader of troops who nevertheless sustained the workaday touch and maintained their secret. Typical soldiers toiled harder and shoved themselves a little bit further when Daniel was supervising them. The approach achieved terrific results as the English troops neared, the American troops reloaded their guns. When the enemy got close they fired in their faces.Within a very short time, Tarletons one thousand and seventy six men got wounded, one hundred and ten killed and eight hundred and thirty captured . Although Tarleton managed to escape, all his equipments and supplies were captured by the Americans. Daniels cunning dodge is widely viewed to be the strategic masterwork of the battle and the most effectively executed envelopment of contemporary military history . Conclusion Braddocks conquer was indeed one of the drastic events of the period before American Revolution. It left population se ttlements in Virginia and Pennsylvania susceptible to Indian and French invasion.Braddocks expedition also improved Daniel Morgans standing and assisted helped him to be the sensible choice for an officer of Riflemen units in the American Revolution. Finally, the expedition was a significant chapter to the long battle with the Indian forces for the administration of the western Pennsylvania and Ohio valley. Saratoga War was also a significant success, won when United States required success in the most awful way and played an integral role in influencing other governments such as French administration to formally join the battle to aid the besieged colonies.The coalition with France became pivotal in maintaining American Revolutionary military resistance and resolve Bibliography Cassell, Frank. The Braddock Expedition of 1755 Catastrophe in the Wilderness, n. d, http//www. hsp. org/default. aspx? id=622 (29 July 2009) Cheaney, Janie. Daniel Morgan, 1998, http//jrshelby. com/kimoco wp/morgan. htm (29 July 2009). Chapel, Hill. Daniel Morgan Revolutionary Rifleman. North Carolina University of North Carolina Press, 1979. Daily, Allen. History of the Descendants of David Morgan, 2000, http//freepages.genealogy. rootsweb. ancestry. com/morgansociety/david. htm (29 July 2009).Frassett, James. Revolutionary War, 2000, http//www. revolutionarywararchives. org/morganearlyyears. html (29 July 2009) Jacob Cushing, A Sermon Preached at Lexington, April 20th 1778. Boston Powars Willis, 1776. washstand Archdale, A New Description of that Fertile and Pleasant Province of Carolina, Narratives of Early Carolina, (1911) 277-313. Richard Price, A Discourse on the Love of Our Country . . . Commemorating the Revolution in Great Britain. London Edward E. Powars, 1789.

Discuss the portrayal of women Essay Example for Free

Discuss the portrayal of women EssayOn the one hand, courageous portrays how negative animateness was for women in Victorian society. However, on the other hand, he clearly shows sympathy for the quandary of women which suggests he had a desire for change.Hardy shows how the role of women in Victorian society was to get married. If a woman did non get married, she was interact as though there was something wrong with her and indeed was often ignored by both men and women. Hardy shows us this when he tells of how Rhoda sat apart from the rest in the milking group B and lived on a lonely spot away from the other milkmaids. We learn that Rhoda has had a child tabu of wedlock with Farmer parliamentary law. For this terrible sin, Rhoda is effectively excluded from society however, no blame is attached to Farmer Lodge. This is an role model of the double standards that women in Victorian England had to live with. Hardy uses this concept throughout the story to emphasise the pli ght of women in Victorian society.Women were also expected to marry young and produce an heir and a spare. When Gertrude failed to do this, she invited the scorn of her husband who was bitter over her failure to continue his family line. At no time was it suggested that it was the mans error that they were unable to puzzle a child. It was always considered the womans fault.In Victorian times, beauty was a desirable fiber for any young brides and an absence of this led to rifts between partners. Hardy shows this by comparing Farmer Lodges bearing to Gertrude before and after her arm became disfigured Before Gertrudes arm becomes disfigured, Farmer Lodge views Gertrude as a pretty young girl who will serve well as his wife and he is blithe with her. However, after her arm becomes disfigured Gertrude tells of how she thinks that Farmer Lodge cares for her less. From then on, we get the impression that Farmer Lodge feels very displeased by his wife.All this shows that women were ex pected to conform to societys expectations of them and if they did not they were ostracized from society. An extreme example of this is illustrated by Hardy later on in the story when he tells of how Rhoda is even viewed as a femme fatale because she is not fulfilling the usual criteria of a woman. On the other hand, Hardy shows he had sympathy for the way women were treated by the way he ends the story.Hardy punishes Farmer Lodge for not taking care of Rhoda and her news by killing his wife and making him live a remorseful life from then on. This shows that Hardy desired change in the way the women were being treated but understood that innocent lives would have to be lost first. He drew a parallel between this and the death of Gertrude.

The Solid Agricultural Company Essay Example for Free

The Solid rude Company EssayThere argon at least as many styles of management as there are private instructors nevertheless, most management styles fall into one of a few broad categories. any(prenominal) managers style includes some means of making decisions and some means of relating to subordinates. Below are the five most common management styles.Autocratic Autocratic or authoritarian managers lead unilaterally. They string decisions based on their own opinions and experience without taking the opinions of subordinates into account. Although authoritarian managers do not dispose to be popular with employees, they make decisions quickly and efficiently. On the other hand, if an autocratic manager makes an error, the lack of input from others preserve make the consequences severe. Autocratic management tends to be successful in industries that rely on unskilled workers and commit plenty of turnover, such as food service and retail. Highly skilled and personally motivat ed employees tend to chafe under this type of management.consultatory Like autocratic managers, consultative managers make decisions more or less unilaterally. Unlike autocratic managers, these leaders prioritize communication with employees and take their studys into account alongside the needs of the backing. Consultative management still allows the manager to make decisions efficiently in addition, the emphasis on employee interaction tends to increase employee loyalty and reduce turnover. However, employees tend to become highly dependent on their manager. Consultative managers tend to be most successful in businesses that hope to retain employees for long periods of time. Many of the outdo office managers use this style.Persuasive Persuasive managers maintain control over every aspect of the business indirectly. Instead of giving orders, these managers operate by explaining why line of works need to be carried out in a certain way. Employees tend to feel more involved in t he decision-making process under this style nevertheless, crowning(prenominal) authority still rests with the manager alone. Persuasive management is a particularly useful style when intricate tasks need to be carried out in the workplace. However, managers who rely too heavily on explaining every task in detail whitethorn see their businesses slow to a crawl. elective While a glib manager explains every aspect of the decision-making process to his subordinates, a democratic manager actually includes his subordinates in the process. Democratic management relies heavily on two-way communication between management and employees. This style is particularly helpful when a decision requires specialized knowledge that the manager lacks for instance, when making an IT-related decision, a manager may need to ask an IT specialist for input. Including employees in decision-making tends to improve job satisfaction and reduce turnover. Relying on employee input for every decision, though, pot greatly reduce the efficiency of the business.Laissez-faire In a hands-off management style, the manager acts as a motivator, mentor and guide to his subordinates. Individual employees manage their own sections of the business with minimal supervision. maybe surprisingly, this management style demands the most personal skill from the manager If he can effectively transcend a strong vision for the business and guide his subordinates with broad expertise, a laissez-faire manager can bring out the best in his workers. Highly professional, self-motivated employees, such as salesmen and engineers, can benefit greatly from this style.Although most managers tend to fall into one of these five categories, the most successful mangers can draw from several(prenominal) styles depending on the situation. Within a single office, some circumstances may call for an autocratic decision, others may call for democratic involvement from subordinates and still others may require a hands-off appro ach. Managers who make an driving to learn all five styles can succeed in any setting.

Safety of Women Essay Example for Free

Safety of Women EssayIt is crucial that probation policemans develop a familiarity with the demand and preventive concerns of women who ar twist aroundd, and become aw argon of the risks women face while on probation supervision. For example, an ab exampler may subprogram the probation look into as a nonher way to ab employ her by threatening to falsely allege a probation ravishment to her probation authorityr, or by forcing her to commit an illegal act and then spread overing it (Crager et al., 2003). When a probation police officer learns that a fair sex probationer is ill-treated, the officer should apply the same principles for working with women who be non probationers (NYS PDVIP, 2005). If a charr who is handle has not had jot with main office(prenominal) hysteria courses, probation officers apprize play a come across procedure in providing breeding and referrals to municipal power services. A probation officer may be the first psyche that has ever said to her You dont deserve to be mistreat. Its not your fault, and on that points no matter you deplete done to cause the abuse. Probation officers set out a responsibility to reassure women that they argon not alone with their experiences Im concerned approximately you, and when you argon ready, dish up is available. When probation officers stomach referrals, it is crucial to understand that her latent reluctance or unwillingness to take hotline/advocate soupcon nurture may be related to a concern for her give rubber eraser. Her abuser may be waiting for her in the parking lot, go through her purse or pockets, and use that internal force out programme contact number as a reason to continue and/or escalate his abuse (NYSCADV, 2004b).It is alike important for probation officers to take their cues from women who atomic number 18 treat as to what their abusers actions mean. For example, an abuser may have gull statements to indicate that a chars risk is high (i.e. The next flowers youll get will be when you atomic number 18 in the ground). Probation officers dirty dog in addition assist women in identifying and discernment knockout and potentially illegal stalking behaviors including unsuitable phone calls, letters, gifts, flowers, email, instant pass ons, or faxes. A stalker may also follow her or cross- shoot up at places she frequents (home, work, school, etc.), lick verbal, written, or implied threats directed at her, her friends or family, or vandalize her property. more perfect acts of stalking may also include assaults or other acts of violence, including sexual assault, directed at her, an immediate family member, or whatsoeverone she knows (NYSCADV, 2004b).Probation officers contribute the asylum of women by providing referrals to domestic violenceprograms to assist with completing a safety plan. If a woman chooses not to contact a domestic violence advocate, probation officers can athletic supporter her re view her risks and create a preliminary safety plan (See Appendix B for considerations for development a preliminary safety plan), including asking near weapons available to the offender, as well as his access to the children (NYSCADV, 2004b). disregardless of the level of offense or conviction, probation officers should refrain from minimizing the abusers potential to inflict serious physical injury. All domestic violence cases should be considered as potential homicides, particularly during separation or after a woman who is step terminates the descent (NYS PDVIP, 2005). Probation officers argon also becoming awargon of the potential for collusion with abusers who be not under supervision. These abusers may attempt to become an ally of probation officers in order to wield power and statement over the woman who is ab apply.To counter these attempts at coercion, probation is increasingly conducting Pre-Sentence Investigations ( pounds per squargon inchs) in all domestic viol ence cases. If in that respect are insufficient imaginations to do this in all cases, PSIs should be conducted on any case where the suspect may have a history of victimization by the alleged victim in the presenting case. The PSI should include specific questions rough the history of victimization and power and control dynamics in the relationship (NYS PDVIP, 2005) (See Appendix C for a list of oecumenical guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are treat). Additional strategies for supervising women who are ill-treat include the following 1. Know and follow the depart noetic confidentiality policy regarding use of cultivation about the woman who is abused, including her contact information. Inform the woman who is abused of the policy at first contact, and again as necessary throughout the supervision process. It is important for her to understand what will happen with any and all information she may provide to her probation officer (e.g., will it be writte n in her case level? willing a supervisor see it? Will it be submitted to the judge in a report? Will her abuser or his attorney have access to it?) 2. Create a safe environment for women who are abused to disclose their experiences of abuse if they choose. Consider displaying domestic violence posters in the probation department and have topical anaesthetic domestic violence program brochures and pamphlets available as a visible way to show that the officer and the department take domestic violenceseriously.3. Explain the terms of the Orders and Conditions of Probation, the role of a probation officer, and any additional relevant agency policies. Fully explain the consequences of violations of the Orders and Conditions of Probation, and other probationer obligations. 4. Assure the woman who is abused that she is not trustworthy for her abusers behavior. The choice to abuse rests lonesome(prenominal) with the abuser. 5. Do not use her abuser as a substantiating contact. This m ay accidentally reinforce and validate his power and control over her and introduce unreliable information to her case. 6. It is essential to understand that the decisions women make may be based on critical survival strategies. Women who are abused are constantly evaluating their risks, and from day to day their needinesss and safety concerns may vary. 7. Ask the woman who is abused to identify how to contact her in a way that supports her safety. Do not initiate contact with the woman who is abused while her abuser is present. 8. Ensure that the woman who is abused has contact information for the topical anaesthetic domestic violence program. Assist her in identifying her safety concerns. 9. Discuss safety issues for the probation officer and the woman who is abused that may dissemble home contacts, fieldwork, or collateral contacts (e.g., if the abuser lives with the woman who is abused, schedule a home contact with her when the abuser is not at home). 10. Address other needs of women who are abused including employment, childcare, lodgement issues, substance abuse treatment, etc. 11. Do not promise the woman who is abused any thing you may not be able to deliver. Do not assure her of her safety (NYSCADV, 2003 NYS PDVIP, 2004) (See Appendix D for a checklist for probation contact with victims of domestic violence).Collaboration with home(prenominal) military unit Advocates and Referrals to domesticated Violence Programs.Probation officers are construction strong collaborations with domestic violence advocates. As a result, they have a greater comprehension of the dangers that women face, and a broader understanding of choices women make which are grounded in critical survival strategies. The role of advocates, which are employed by traditional domestic violence programs (based in, or linked with, not-for-profit, non-governmental agencies), is defined by the needsand desires of women who are abused. The overarching goals of advocates are to support a nd bolster womens confidentiality and decisions, and provide them with information. The allegiance of advocates lies solely with women who are abused, which is distinct from victim-witness liaisons (also sometimes referred to as advocates) that may be employed by district attorneys offices, law enforcement agencies, and other clay-based programs. In situation, advocates may be called upon to reconcile the interests of women who are abused to other persons and/or agencies. Advocates and domestic violence programs are a major resource for probation officers and departments and vice versa, and this interdependent relationship should be encouraged, strengthened, and formalized as a necessary part of a coordinated community resolution to domestic violence. Advocate-probation collaborations can strengthen cases and significantly support safety of women in many ways. Advocates can assist with explaining the probation process, process women who are abused understand what probation off icers and departments do, and review probation documents and paperwork with women who are abused. In addition, advocates can help prepare women who are abused for collisions with probation, and may be able to attend meetings to provide additional support (NYS PDVIP, 2004, NYS PDVIP, 2005)3.Probation officers can minimize the potentially dangerous repercussions of unintended consequences of supervision practices, by developing and maintaining collaborations with advocates regarding safety issues. Thus, interventions implemented by probation officers can focus on helping women who are abused look for and evaluate available options, make informed decisions, design preliminary safety plans that reflect womens needs and goals, and drive on voluntary involvement in domestic violence services (State of impudently York, 1998). At every opportunity, probation officers should make available hotline numbers, contact information, and descriptions of locally available domestic violence prog rams and services to women who are abused. However, seeking help from a domestic violence program, getting an order of protection, or deciding to leave an abuser only makes sentience to a woman when, on balance, it reduces the overall risks that she and her children face. Victim safety should remain paramount when there may be competing interests or a perceived bring in of a program, policy, protocol, or procedure. Achieving this goal claims a supervision plan that incorporates the manyobstacles and risks to achieving safety or to ending a relationship with an ignominious henchman that women who are abused encounter. domesticated violence programs focus on empowerment, autonomy, and self-determination, and mandating participation in any program or service contradicts this philosophy (Crager et al., 2003). Mandating women who are abused to domestic violence services also places advocates in the incongruent role of monitoring compliance with probation conditions (Denton, 2001).C onsiderations for Dual Probation Supervision of Women Who are do by and Their AbusersWhen women who are abused and their abusers are both under supervision by probation, a heightened level of confidentiality and a stringent safety protocol must be maintained within the department. Regardless of who is or is not identified by the criminal justice system as the abuser, probation officers should continue to implement practices that support the safety of women who are abused. Probation officers are well trained to be wary of probationers and their many tactics at getting-over. This skill is especially key when supervising domestic violence offenders, as abusers not only excel at this endeavor, but use it as a strategy directly related to their abuse and to their mindset. Although many convicted criminals may believe themselves to be victims, men who are abusers tend to be particularly insistent about their perceived victimization. Historically, men who abused were protected by traditio ns of privacy and privilege surrounding marriage and the family. While social values and laws are changing pertaining to abuse in intimate relationships, many men who abuse express a sense of intrusion and injustice, and feel that they have had something taken away, or that their rights have been abridged.Probation officers need to exercise care not to say or do anything that could be interpreted as agreeing with the abuser including even the most day-to-day of comments or nodding of the head. Invariably, abusers will use that perceived support to minimize and justify their behaviors or to keep up their negative assumptions about women (NYS PDVIP, 2004). Similarly, probation officers need to keep the focus on account expertness, not on abusers personal or moral deficits, diseases, low self-esteem, early childhood experiences,anger management, diminished intellect, addiction, mental ailment, other individuals, or outdoor(a) events as the means to explaining or solving domestic v iolence. Doing so gives abusers support for the excuses they offer to explain their abusive behavior (State of New York, 1998).General Safety Strategies for Women Who Are Abused During Dual Probation Supervision.General guidelines for probation officers who supervise women who are abused during dual probation situations include the following 1. Recognize that women who are abused have differing safety needs and concerns than men who are being supervised. In some situations, there may be a need to request a modification of Orders and Conditions of Probation that may negatively impact her safety (e.g. curfew, electronic monitoring, travel permits, and hall reporting may impose additional danger for women who are abused). 2. Do not schedule office interviews with both the woman who is abused and her abuser on the same day. Develop a schedule of meeting times and dates in conjunction with the other supervising officer. 3. It is essential that different probation officers supervise the woman who is abused and her abuser.This minimizes opportunities for breeches in confidentiality and reduces the potential for collusion with the abuser. 4. If case reviews are routinely conducted with other probation officers and supervisors, exercise extreme caution in discussing case details which may put a woman who is abused at risk. While challenging, limit the access of other officers and supervisors as pragmaticly as feasible to the case file of the woman who is abused. Discussing the details of her case with other probation officers may result in information getting to her abuser, with potentially significant repercussions for her safety. 5. Do not make negative statements about the abuser during supervision of a woman who is abused (NYSCADV, 2003 NYS PDVIP, 2005). For example, comments such as hes such a lousy husband or hes a sure jerk interject value judgments into the supervision process that can significantly detract from perceptions of probation officers and their a bility to maintain a professional demeanor. Rather, the context of the abusers behaviors and actions should be focused on her safety.Additional Safety Strategies for Women Who Are Abused During Supervision of Their Abusers.General guidelines for the supervision of abusers include the following 1. The safety of the woman who is abused is the headspring concern. 2. The abuser is responsible for his behavior. There is no acceptable justification for his violence, no matter what he says or how much he blames her. Address every attempt of abusers to deny, minimize, justify, or blame abuse on anything other than their own personal choice. 3. Neutralize the abusers attempts to manipulate officers or control probation proceedings. Avoid any situation that could lead to unintentionally colluding with the abuser. 4. Whenever possible, probation officers should use sources of information, other than the woman who is abused, to enforce accountability of abusers who are also on probation. If a probation officer does include input from a woman who is abused, it is crucial for the probation officer to explain to her, heartyistically, what may happen with the information that she provides regarding her abusers case.Thus, the probation officer should specifically inquire about information that the woman who is abused can provide about her abuser without putting her at increased risk. 5. The probation officer should clearly describe to the woman who is abused how violations of probation are handled and what sanctions may be imposed on her abuser. 6. Safekeeping of the contact information for the woman who is abused is invariably a priority. Her contact information should always be kept out of sight when the abuser is in the office. If possible, putting the contact information for the woman who is abused in a different colored file or using a piece of colored tape on the file can be an easy way to remind probation officers of the heightened need to keep the information confid ential. 7. In addition, probation department policy should require that probation officers notify a woman who is abused at least one month before her abuser is discharged from supervision. This will provide an opportunity for her to identify any safety concerns and request appropriate referrals from her probation officer (NYSCADV, 2003 NYS PDVIP, 2005).Considerations for Court Ordered Referrals That Are DangerousIncreasingly, the criminal justice system and the romances are tapping into a wider throw off of program and referral options and sanctions as responses to domestic violence cases. While many commonly used interventions, referrals, and services are safe and appropriate for many individuals probation officers need to recognize that several of these same practices are dangerous and strange for women who are abused. In addition to the increased danger these practices may create, they may also reinforce the printing that a woman who is abused shares responsibility for her pa rtners violent and/or controlling behavior. Such a message reinforces the mistaken belief of most abusers women who are abused are to blame for the violence. Thus, it also encourages women who are abused to internalize responsibility for their partners violence and has the potential to increase the likelihood that the abuser will physically or emotionally harm his partner (NYSCADV, 2004b).Safety Considerations for Batterer Program Referrals.The Violence Against Women emplacements Toolkit to End Violence Against Women recommends that the justice system avoid ordering victims of domestic violence to participate in batterer programs (VAWO, 2001). There are many practical and philosophical problems associated with court-ordering a woman who is abused to participate in a batterer program. If she was acting in self-defense or to protect her children, or was using violence in retaliation for abuse, the court order is, in effect, punishment for being abused. Most women who are abused are not batterers, even when they have used violence proactively. While the content of a program for female offenders may be helpful to some women, the batterer label written into the court order is generally inaccurate (Crager et al., 2003). Participation in a batterer program places a woman who is abused in greater danger. For example, when a program notifies the alleged victim (in actuality, the real batterer) of the womans participation in the batterer program, he can learn where and when he can find her. Batterer program staffs have described instances in which women who are abused have been stalked by their abusers every time they attended their court-ordered batterer program. needed participation in batterer programs by women who are abused also createsopportunities for batterers to sabotage the womens compliance with the court order by interfering with their attendance, or reporting false allegations of new acts of violence (Crager et al., 2003). Andy Klein, former chief probat ion officer for the Quincy, MA court and nationally known author on probation, criminal justice, and domestic violence, also commented on the use of batterer programs for women If we really want to offer our services to female batterers, there are burst ways to reach them than to rely on the coercive powers of a criminal justice system that withal often gets it wrong in separating out batterers from victims. If the prosecutor or judge asks you to assist the court by offering batterer intervention programs for womenjust say NO. Offer, instead, to help train officers, prosecutors, and judges on how to arrest, prosecute, and sanction wisely (Klein, 2001, p. 2). Andy Klein Safety Considerations for Mediation and Couples focal point Referrals. interjection strategies that require cooperative participation typically assume an live relationship in which both parties are free to openly participate. Mediation, for example, is a process through which bear on parties are en gaged in negotiations to resolve a conflict. Because of the inherent imbalance of power between an abuser and a woman who is abused, mediation and couples counseling are inappropriate in domestic violence cases. A victim of domestic violence who, by definition, is being controlled by her partner is significantly compromised in her ability to negotiate freely and is not on an equal footing with her partner. Women who are abused may also be encouraged to alter their behavior so that they do not provoke their partners into abusing them, thus, holding the victims accountable for the abuse. Any focus on placating the abuser diverts resources or interventions away from safety and accountability. Also, many women report being threatened or assaulted after joint intake or counseling sessions for things they said or did during the session (Frank Golden, 2002 National impart of Corrections NIC, 2001 NYS PDVIP, 2003a State of New York,1998).Safety Considerations for Restorative Justice Practi ces. federation and tonic water justice practices, which can be effectively used in conjunction with property and jejune crimes, may not always be quinine water or appropriate for women who are abused. As an understanding of power and control and the dynamics of domestic violence are not reflected in many restorative justice practices, they are dangerous for domestic violence cases. Conferencing (also known as Family Group Conferencing) routinely requires women who are abused to have face-to-face visits with their abusers. Also, communities may change agreement plans if they see abusers are having problems with implementing them, thus creating the potential for abusers to manipulate consequences and avoid accountability for the crimes they committed (NIC, 2001 NYS PDVIP, 2003a). Circles (also known as Sentencing, Healing, Peacemaking, or Community Circles) primarily use negotiation, mediation, consensus building, and conflict resolution tactics that, because of power differences between the abuser and the woman who is abused, are dangerous and inappropriate. Also, responsibilities are often inappropriately assigned to women who are abused and their support groups, and outcomes are often focused on an increased community capacity to resolve disputes (NIC, 2001 NYS PDVIP, 2003a).Safety Considerations for Routine Mental Health Assessments.Domestic violence is not the result of a mental health issue, nor does a woman who is abused, typically, have a mental illness. The rate of mental illness among women who are abused is no higher than that of the general population, and mental illness on the part of the woman who is abused is generally not the cause of the violence. When a woman who is abused has no related mental health issues, an assessment implies that the womans status as a victim of domestic violence is in some way connected with a mental health problem. Thus, women who are abused should only be referred for mental health assessments for reasons that are not connected to the abuse. Few mental health providers have specific training in assessing for domesticviolence or in providing supportive services. identical an order to complete a batterer program, an order to complete a mental health assessment can be used against the woman who is abused in a number of ways for example, it may collapse to losing custody of her children (Crager et al., 2003).Strategies to Respond to Court Ordered Referrals That Are Dangerous.Probation officers have numerous opportunities for teachable moments in which they can educate judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, police officers, other criminal justice professionals, and community stakeholders about the nature and dynamics of domestic violence, womens use of violence, predominant aggressor identification, and the crucial need to revise criminal justice protocols that re-victimize women who are abused through unintended consequences. In some jurisdictions, probation departments are developing protoco ls, which prohibit probation officers from mandating or referring women to dangerous practices. When judges refer or mandate women to these practices, the probation departments respond to the judges with an explanation of how the practices are dangerous to women, why the department has restricted use of them, and provides them a copy of the departmental protocol. A strong collaboration with local domestic violence advocates is the cornerstone to a probation response that supports the safety of women who are abused while minimizing the impact of potentially dangerous practices. Advocates are a tremendous source of information and support for probation officers on general domestic violence issues and concerns facing women who are abused, and can provide feedback on proposed policies, referrals, and practices.ConclusionThe regrettable influx of women who are abused into the criminal justice system calls for the expert and principled participation of probation officers to promote their safety. Fortunately, probation officers are well positioned to assume this additional responsibility of justice on behalf of women who are abused. At every opportunity, probation officers should make available hotline numbers, contact information, and descriptions of locallyavailable domestic violence programs and services to women who are abused. Victim safety should remain paramount even when there may be competing interests or a perceived benefit of a program, policy, protocol, or procedure. Achieving this goal requires an expansion of traditional notions of probations mandate of offender accountability and public safety. Domestic violence is a complex issue that demands probation officers implement supervision plans that contain strategies for the many obstacles and risks to achieving safety that women who are abused encounter. Tremendous change has been occurring within the criminal justice system regarding transformations in attitudes and beliefs about domestic violence. Incre asingly, domestic violence is seen as a serious crime that warrants swift and strong law enforcement, court-based, and correctional responses aimed at holding abusers accountable for their actions. Probation officers are taking on prominent roles in bringing about the social change necessary to challenge domestic violence. Probation is in a unique position to support the safety of women who are abused and reduce the negative impacts of arrest and prosecution of women who are abused as part of a dual arrest for domestic violence, or other crimes. Anytime a probation officer encounters a woman who is abused or her abuser, regardless of who is the probationer, the officer has a crucial role in potentially preventing further domestic violence or even homicide.ReferencesBloom, B., Owen, B., Covington, S. (2003). Gender-responsive strategies Research, practice, and guiding principles for women offenders. Washington, DC National Institute of Corrections, U.S. segment of Justice. Crager, M ., Cousin, M., Hardy, T. (2003). Victim-defendants An emerging challenge in responding to domestic violence in Seattle and the King County region. Retrieved whitethorn 24, 2004 from http//www.mincava.umn.edu/documents/victimdefendant/victimdefendant.html Dasgupta, S. (2001). 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